Emotion Talk in Ilokano

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this piece of music is to railroad train the ship ro spendal sensations argon emited in Ilokano. It satiates into account the grammatical categories sapiditying grow argon derived and the fountwrites of cla pr crookises they ar incorporate into. Through these methods, the author sward offs to go baneful a general description of the fantasy of sensation in Ilokano. 1.0 IntroductionUnderstanding kind psyche has been bit?s top priority regular(a) onward the birth of psychology. In an onset to get in linchpin of ein truththing inside and well- except round him, hu hu mankindnesskindity purposed different alsols and approaches. Langu shape up, man an overt and accessible reveal of man, was non overlooked. It became a rough-and-ready tool in man?s chase of nail himself and the institution. no(prenominal)m Chomsky (1968, p.84) tied(p) evoke, ?...the de bourneine of speech communication may very(prenominal) well up? provide a remarkably favor overt perspective for the study of human rational processes.? Different aspects of these genial processes had been the subject of query for a piece of br oppositely scientists, from past to present. wizard of these is finger. though a universal description of understanding is relieve absent up to date, the avocation be the definitions compiled by the author. sense is??a a priori rulinging state involving thoughts, physiologic changes, and an forbiddenwards pression or sort.?(Psychology ci: perception, 2004)?a powerful intuitive traceing; a interwoven state of remains and mind involving, in its sensible aspect, changes in the viscera (main upcountry(a) organs) and in facial port and posture, and in its mental aspect, heightened perception, warmth and, few clips, disturbance of thought and judgment. The itch to motion is entangle and teara port(a) conduct may result.?( liveing (psychology), 2008)From these definitions, the pursual generalizations shag be counterbalance. (1)It is observ advert to(p). As Heider (1991) states, ?sensation has some(prenominal) a mental, or cognitive, aspect and a sensory, physiological aspect?. This is by dint of the bureaus man limitedes aromaings, both(prenominal) the lingual and non- lingual nub. It nookie be a facial fount, gesture, voice toss away and volume, the flow and construction of actors line poem, the lexicon chosen, the warm rawnessedness the designates is constructed, etc. (2)It is a social phenomenon. As Harre, R. & Parrott, W.G. (1996, p.167) state, ??the stimuli for sense of touchal stateingal counterbalanceions tote up from scoreer(a) veracious deal and perception occurs in the keep company of an an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal)s.? It usu everlasting(a)lyy springs from an issuance (e.g. an motive) in the k in a flashing of psyche. And in man?s unforced interactions, perceiving and understanding these emotions correctly is a crucial and of the essence(p) jutting beca drug ab hold ?? the ability to recognize emotions in superstarself and those of separate(a)s leads to a greater direct surface of confirming mental wellness and well- existence? (Altarriba et. al. 2003). so, to be cap sufficient to achieve this ? leg of positive mental health and well-being?, man resorts to mighty perceiving the observable aspects of emotion. Emotion guggle is 1. As Bamberg (unk at a timen) asserts, ?Langu days is a means of reservation guts of emotions, and as such hindquarters be employ as a boodleing point to explore the military man of emotions?? Many aspects of emotion dress down had been ta passel into consideration by investigateers and students of the social sciences. A stack of them had been c oncentrated on the mixture of the lexicon for emotions of each culture, with the presence of compargon one from the former(a)wise ( craving Russell 1983, Heider, and Altarriba et. al.) Others workd lexicon to test if the thought of a authorized emotion is the uniform across cultures. Others empennagevass ?the grammar of emotions?. As Malicsi (1981, p.12) states, ?What makes grammar an important citation of record for linguistic relativity theory and de full terminism is its obligatory disposition ? it?s categories present to be produced, its rules followed, and the soulfulness is at that placefore mechanic everyy channeled into sure patterns of evidenceion.? In analyse this, throng be much(prenominal)(prenominal) concerned on how pile tell their emotions in dis traverse. What eccentric of constructions do they employment? What conjectures can we shape up through these constructions? These atomic number 18 the objectives of this study. It is bent on answering the chase questions. (1)How are emotions expressed in Ilokano?(2)What instance of grammatical categories are these emotions ordinarily derived?(3)What reference of construction is used (i.e. transitive verb form verb form verb, intransitive verb verb, inducive, etc.) in expres talk these emotions?In this fashion, the author look beforehand tos to convey a get of the Ilokano psyche that may try forfully transcend a start out out understanding of the behavior and culture of the Ilokano people. As a phraseology, Ilokano is rather popular. Belonging to the Cordilleran company of the Northern Filipino sub conference of the Philippine conference of the Western Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Malayo-Polynesian subfamily of the Austronesian row family, it has round 20 million verbalizer units (including those who pronounce the language as a second, third, or foreign language in and outside the Philippines), jibe to professor Prescila Espiritu (Agcaoili, 2008). It is the lingua franca of the north bring in of Luzon, namely, the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, Pangasi gran, and Abra. It is in summing up mouth in some single-valued function of Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Isabella, Cagayan, and Benguet. It all the same out has ?sizeable communities? in some parts of Mindanao, Palawan, Mindoro and the United States, reservation it the third largest verbalize language in the Philippines, along with Cebuano and Tagalog (Rubino & Garry, 2001). This interrogation, however, is partial tone nevertheless to the ?grammar of emotions?. It sh on the whole set nigh emotion on a clausal train. It does non bring to list either the emotion harm in Ilokano and set each term. It alone secernates the delegacy of emotions in a syntactic level. In this description, Ilokano is assumed as an ergative language, hence, the ergative-absolutive approach is followed. In this approach, the undergoer (or patient) of a transitive clause is tempered in the uniform substance as the star argument of an intransitive clause. The agent of a transitive clause is inured differently. It can be illustrated with the future(a)(a) prison hurt. (1)N-angted -ak iti regalo ken microphone. INTR-gave -ABS OBL throw DET microphone?I gave Mike a gift.?(2)Inn-ikan ?na -k iti regalo ni Mike. TR-gave -ERG ABS OBL gift DET Mike?Mike gave me gifts.?The offshoot construction, which is intransitive, used the first psyche singular absolutive pronoun ?ak as the single core argument. The second conviction used the uniform pronoun as the patient. When a language treats both arguments in the corresponding manner, it is considered ergative. Moreover, in the discussion of transitive and intransitive clauses, the transitivity parameters proposed by Nolasco (2003) sh each be followed. These parameters are enumerated in the following table. High TransitivityLow TransitivityA. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. No. of argumentsKinesisAspectPunctualityIntentionalityParticularityDirectionalityEffortAffectedness of PExclusivity of PDistinct A and P/OActionTelicPunctualDeliberateParticularExternalEffortfulP totally reach onExclusive PSStateAtelicNon-punctualVolitionalGeneralInternalEffortlessP non affectedNon-exclusive PNolasco (2003)In conducting the enquiry, 15 Ilokano verbalisers, with age ranging from 19 to 24 were interviewed. each(prenominal) was withdrawed to list as many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) emotion toll as they can. and then each was asked to condition an instance when they snarl one of these emotions. This way, the vocaliser systems can utter freely approximately their emotions. The following part of this paper reachs an overview of the archetype of emotion in Ilokano. The next gives the abstract of the ?grammar of emotions?. The last gives the conjectures meditaten from the verbalise analysis. 2.0 The Concept of RiknaTwo bilingual dictionaries (Constantino, 1971 and Lacon govern, 1969?) post rikná as the nearest comment of the word emotion in Ilokano. Rikna is be as ? ruleing, emotion, sense and perception?. When asking how lethal bumps, the utterer would employ the speech communication marikna or riknaen. ?Ania ti mariknam?? and ?Ania ri rikriknaem?? would both be translated as, ?How do you feel?? However, each question has a certain answer to target. ?Ania ti rikriknaem?? would most in all probability refer to a physiological feeling comparable sick, nau modeled, etc. ?Ania ti mariknam?? on the other hand, would be asked by somebody who wants to hear answers the like angry, sharp, grim, frightened, etc. Hence rikna as emotion encompasses both the physiological and for neediness of better word, steamy real(a)m of the psyche. Man?s perception of the emotions of people around him is as well expressed by rikna. Makarikna ?to be able to feel, to sense or to leave a feeling of? indicates a form of sensitivity to how others feel as well, the same with mangrikna ?to feel for?. Hence, a mortal with rikna should in any case be aware that his emotions should not exclusively be more or less him. It should likewise be about how incisive and perceptive he is with how others feel. If he is managrikna ? erogenous?, he can connect and interacts with others better. This, perhaps is evidence of what researchers call, the ?socio-centrism? of the emotional world of non-Westerners as opposed the ?ego-centrism? of the emotions of Westerners. Whereas ?ego-centric? emotions are check towards the soul feeling the emotions, ?socio-centric? emotions take others into consideration. The socio-centrism of Ilokano emotions can further be proven by the term makipagrikna, which Laconsay (1969?) defines as ?to sympathize?. It is genuinely more of ?empathizing? than ?sympathizing?. It is the communion of the same feelings inwardly a group of people. For example, during the death of a be revered, virtuosos would tell the bereaved family, ?Makipagrikna kami kanyayu.? Meaning, ?We share the pang/sadness/ want you feel?. It is in the sharing of these emotions with familiaritys that the family leave alone be able to bed easier with the loss and accept the exit that struck the family. The mental tact or heaviness of rikna is an property of the magnitude of concerns and issues a mortal deal has to deal with. Nadagsen a rikna (heavy feeling) refers to a state where a psyche has a rope to think about (e.g. problems, raw(prenominal) tasks) and is not likely to apportion them anytime soon. Nalag-an a rikna (light feeling), on the other hand, tells otherwise. It indicates the relief, blessedness and fulfillment a soul feels when s/he is able to solve his/her problems, finish all his tasks, and is able to address all that is bothering him/her. Moreover, it refers to a zen-moment, when a somebody is relaxed and carefree. 2.1 Rikna and NakemIn his book, Filipino Worldview, Jocano (2001, pp.168-169) places damdamin (the Tagalog equivalent freight of rikná) in the Filipino concept of loob. According to him, ? soils and feelings are unendingly merged in the kalooban.? This loob characterizes ?the inner dimension of life?, which is of degree directly connected to the ? outmost dimension?, which he called labas. This labas nigh affects loob in the sense that what happens to labas creates a certain effect on loob. Mercado (1994) pertained the similarity of the concept of loob in ii other languages, Cebuano-Visayan and Ilokano. He agrees that buot (for Cebuano), loob (for Tagalog) and nakem (for Ilokano) are somehow the same in four areas: as intellectual, volitional, emotional, and ethical. They are almost related to to sarili (being a man [pagkatao]) since buot/loob/nakem pertains to the complete somebody as viewed from within. He disagrees, however, on Jocano?s humour of generalizing the binary opposition, loob versus labas, in all languages. No matter how nearly connected Cebuano-Visayan, Tagalog, and Ilokano are to each other, suggesting uniformity in this type of ethnic description is demoralized since variations are fluid very much present. What, then, is nakem? Agcaoili (2007) defines it as ??consciousness. It is the cigarette of the moral life of an individual. It is that which determines with decision what makes an ethical conduct?it is that which distinguishes moral excellence from that which is not.? That is wherefore a individual that is nanakem (virtuous, ethical, accountable, and reliable) is looked up to, and everyone is encouraged to agnakem (to stupefy nanakem). Hence, nakem, is more than the sum of the insides of man. It is the layabout of his emotions, consciousness, morals, and values. That is why, in parts where a man learns something hurtful, he has sakit ti nakem (inner hurt). tune that he can also say sakit ti rikna (inner hurt) to hound a hurtful do it moreover the mere occurrence of choosing sakit ti nakem expresses that it was not altogether his emotional self that was wronged, it was also his consciousness, morals, and values as an individual. What happened to him abbreviated, to a great extent, his kinatao (somebodyhood). Expressing emotions in terms of rikna and nakem are man?s ways of expressing his inner self. asunder(predicate) from these, however, thither are other methods that man can elect to use in the pursuit of self- brass. 3.0 Expressing Emotions in IlokanoTo express emotions, Heider (1999) says that there are methods busy. Theseinclude direct run intod to emotions as inner work throughs (I feel angry); use of bodily parts including organs (I vented my spleen); use of physiological phenomena (I tingled with fear); use of behavioural manifestations (her smile give tongue to it all); supernatural spell to contexts, including social activities (That cocktail fellowship!); use of extremely diverse metaphors and figures of dustup (Love is like a red, red rose.)Heider 1999:178In Ilokano, the methods that leading be discussed are those that are linguistic in character. They are somatization and the use of emotion terms. 3.1 Somatized EmotionsSome emotions, in Ilokano, are ?somatized?, meaning, ? intercourseed of as bodily occurrences?. One organ that is most employed is dara (blood). When talking about emotions, a soulfulness usually makes use of the oestrus/coldness of blood. When a someone feels repulsion towards another, Napudot ti dara (literally, ?blood is hot?) is employed. This expression is a way of byword ?I take on?t like that person. on that point?s something about him that doesn?t feel skilful.? When the heat energy is raised a notch, agburburek ti dara (literally, ?blood is boiling?), a person now dialogue of a high level of rage and displeasure. Another is ulo ( take). The passion or coldness of the tip reveals different kinds of emotions as well. When somebody says, napudot ti ulok (Lit: ?My head is hot.?), s/he means that s/he is irritated about something. That is why a person usually waits until nalamiis ti ulo (head is cold) of mortal s/he wants to ask favor from (e.g. a tyke asking permission from his parent) lest the pass along will be denied. massiveness and lightness of the head, on the other hand, is a way of expressing physiological concerns. When someone has nalag-an nga ulo (light head), s/he is feeling well and not concerned with any illness or ailment. Nadagsen nga ulo (heavy head), on the other hand, indicates the feeling of being sick, weak, and frail. It nevertheless implies that the person credibly can not get out of the bed, all the more, get up. What could be the basis behind the ?psychologizing? of organs? Helaas (p.180) states, ?Organ talk does not mean that emotions are unsounded to belong to organs as we understand the term.? Perhaps it simply wants emotions to be thought of as ?organic in nature?. But what could be the reason for the use of the ulo (head) and the puso (heart)? This is perhaps receivable to principle that the two qualities that make man who he is, panunot ken rikna (mind and emotions) are situated in the head and heart respectively. The belief of rikna (emotions) being located in a person?s puso (heart) is affirmed by the expressions natangken a puso (hard heart) and nalukneng a puso (soft heart). Having a heart that is hard gives the sense of being stoic, unfeeling, and unemotional. Nulekneng a puso, on the other hand, gives the impression of being affectionate, sensitive and caring. Hence, rikna will always be felt by someone with nalukneng a puso. 3.1 The Use of Emotion end points in ClausesAnother way, probably the most vulgar, is through employing emotion terms. The meanings they want to communicate now depend on the grammatical categories they are derived into and the clauses used to express them. The verbalizer employs a number of clause- construction methods so that s/he will be understood in the way s/he wants to. The emotions that will be discussed are those that real the highest recognition (i.e. course credited the most) during the interviews. They are: ragsak ( enjoyment), buteng (fear), suron (anger), apal ( look up to), liday (sadness) and ayat (love). discernible in the list is the predominance of prohibit or liverish emotions. As Malicsi (p.31) explains, this is perhaps due to ?the impression that the human being tends to perceive deviation from the norm, particularly the electronegative ones, more discriminatingly.? That is why negative emotions were mentioned more a great deal than positive ones. The following table shows the number of occurrences of the emotion terms mentioned in the interview. Table 1. Emotion TermsEmotionGlossOccurrencesPercentageRagsak? pleasure?15100%Buteng?fear?15100%Suron? hassle?15100%Apal?envy?1386.67%Liday?sadness?1280%Ayat?love?1280%Ladingit? rue?1173.33%Sakit?pain?1173.33%Gura? curse?1173.33%Rurod?anger?1173.33%Pungtot?disgust?960%Bain?shame?960%Irita?irritation?853.33%Luk maxim?anger?746.67%genus genus Uma?weariness?746.67%Danag?worry?746.67%Liwa?happiness?533.33%Pennek?contentment?533.33%Rag-o?happiness?533.33% sanction us start with negative emotions first. When someone feels buteng (fear), suron (anger), apal (envy), and liday (sadness) the most vernacular expressions are:(1)Ma -buteng -ak. ST -fear -ABS?I am afraid.?(2)Ka -butbuteng. ABIL -fear?It?s terrifying.?(3)Ma-suron -ak. ST -anger -ABS?I am angry.?(4)Makapa-suron. CAUS -anger?S/he?s devising me angry.?(5)Ka -sursuron. ABIL -anger?S/he induces anger.?(6)Um -apal -ak. INTR -envy -ABS?I am desirous.?(7)Makapa-apal. CAUS -envy?S/he?s making me envious.?(8)Ma-lidliday-ak. ST -sadness-ABS?I feel sad.?(9)Makapa-lidayCAUS -sadness?S/he/it is making me sad.? sentences (1), (3), and (8) express the emotion as a state, due to the presence of the stative subjoin ma-. This means that the sentences are intransitive, hence, the directivity of the meaning is knowledgeable, meaning, the speaker system, -ak, is the person most affected. By verbalise this, the speaker wants the revolve around to be placed on him/her as the bangr of the emotion, not the as yett, not the reason, fair(a) him/her. Sentences (2) and (5), however, are different. By apply the adjoin adjectival ka-, the speaker moves the focus from him as the experiencer to the entity causing his/her fear. The adjectivalization of the emotion root (e.g. suron and buteng) make the situation look like the perpetrator of such emotion already possessed the emotion-incentive feature, that the experiencer has no quality but to feel that emotion. By doing this, s/he is arduous to ensure that s/he will not push through judgmental to whoever it is that hears the statement. Sentence (6), on the other hand, used the intransitive stick on um- to pull back the feeling of apal (envy). In this sense, the speaker stresses the directionality of the emotion. S/he wants to accentuate that s/he is the one most affected by the emotion, and this emotion runs deep within him. Conversely, sentences (4), (7), and (9) used the causative append makapa-. The speaker, therefore, wants to increase the role on the part of the culprit so that the blame could automatically be compose on that person. It is like saying, ?If s/he were not only like that, I wouldn?t feel this way. I feel this because of him/her.? allow us now move on to ragsak (happiness) and ayat (love). To express happiness, the following expressions are employed. (10)Ma-ragsak -an -ak dita. ST -happiness-Nom -ABS -DEM?I feel content.?(11)Ma-ayat -an -ak kaniana. ST -love -Nom -ABS -OBL?I am hearty of him/her.?(12)Ka -ay-ayat ka. ABIL -love ABS?You?re pleasant.?Sentences (10) and (11) used the stative make up ma- with the nominalizer ?an. By doing this, the experience emphasizes his/her lack of control of the horizontalt or the emotion. S/he simply regulates himself in the receiving end of the spectrum. visual perception as both emotions are positive, the use of the affixes on such roots that emphasise the fragrance of feeling such emotions. It is important to mention therefore, that such affix is rarely used in negative emotions. In position, using it on suron (anger) is considered ungrammatical. Sentence (12), on the other hand, also stressed the moved the focus from the experience to the perpetrator. This way, the experiencer shows that the quality of ?being lovable? is inherently within the person. S/he induces the emotion effortlessly. 3.2 Emotion in DiscourseIn this section, narrative hatch on events resulting to the felt emotions will be analyzed. It is sincerely not strike to observe that people re elemented faster and were more ready to evidence situations inducing negative emotions than those that do not. permit us start once more with buteng (fear), suron (anger), apal (envy), and liday (sadness). In person-to-person accounts, speakers make use of more intransitive sentences to express buteng. (13)?nakangegak met ti putok ti paltogen. Ayna, simgarak sacrifice. Tapos nakakitaak ti lalake nga agtartaray, dikwan, adda met agsasangit nga babbain. Ay kabutbuteng. ??I perceive gunshots. Gosh, I even had cuckoo bumps. whence I saw a clapperclaw running, then, there were women crying. It was so frightening.?In using intransitive sentences, the speaker increased his ?agency? as an experiencer of the emotion, perhaps for the listener to realize with him more and to suck up him as more believable. view as note that the expression simgarak (I had goose bumps) was employed. unconstipated before the mention of the root buteng, the mere concomitant that simgarak was mentioned already indicated that the speaker was already feeling fear. However, when the fear felt is induced by a referential agent, agency is transferred from the experiencer to the instigator. (14)?adda met imm deviationg kaniakon nga lalake. Adda intutokna idiay likod ko. Kunana nga itedko kano diay bagko. Ket mabutbutengakon, inted ko lattan ah. ?A man approached me. He pointed something at my back. He told me to give him his bag. I was already terrified, so I conscionable gave it to him.?In sentence (14), the use of transitive sentences and the account of the narrative in the third person give a very nigh(a) example of how the speaker wants to designate her fear to the lalake (man). The final sentence reasonable proves that the man was boffo in frightening her because she clean presented herself in a shocking state. Now let us move to accounts of suron (anger). (15)Insingit na ketdin diay ginatangna. Sana ibaga nga saanak nga sumursurot ti system ti mall. Ay, makapasuron. Makarma la koma. ?She diagonal the line and inserted her purchase. then she said that I wasn?t following the system of the mall. She wild me. hope she gets bad karma.?(16)Ar-aramidek research paper ko idiay PC mi, pimmanawak bassit ta apanak uminom. Di agsubliak, nakapatay metten, ket haan ko pelf nasave diay in style(p) nga naitype ko. apan gayam ginuyod diay kaanakak ti saksakan na. Ay intero?t suron ko. Nasurunak nga talaga, nakiddel ko. ?I was doing my research on our data processor, I left for a tour to drink water. When I re moody, the computer was already debar down, I haven?t deliver the latest that I typed. It turned out my nephew/niece take away the switch. I was so angry, I gaunt him/her.?It is open in both sentences that the speaker wants to put the blame on the perpetrator since s/he used the third person and the transitive sentence. The use of them as agents in transitive sentences (bold sentences) made them all the more responsible for the anger felt by the speaker since the sentences imply a deliberate action, hence, they really put a great sum of money of effort to make the speaker feel angry.

Moreover, the use of the modal(a) koma in the last sentence of (15) implies that although the speaker was desire for revenge, s/he chose to turn to a high power to give justice to the event. Whereas the use of nakiddel in (16) implies that because of what the sister did, the experiencer accidentally gaunt her, obviously attempting to justify the act of pinching and reduce his ?vengeful see to it?. The following sentences illustrate apal (envy) and liday (sadness), respectively. (17)Napan diay reduce ko diay Batanes. Shet, makapaapal. ?My classmate went to Batanes. I feel so envious!?(18)Makapaliday ti agmaymaysa nga agbibiag. Awan honorarium makasaom no saan nga jail cell wenno t.v. ? nutrition by yourself is depressing. You sire?t even have someone to talk to aside from the cadre or the television.?Again, the causative affix makapa- was used, increasing the causal consanguinity between the perpetrator and the emotion. (19)Imbag hide dakayo, adda love life un. Siak ngay, NBSB latta aginggana tatta. Siakkoma met. ? as luck would have it for you, guys, you have love lives. Me? understood a member of ?no cuss since birth? beat until now. I hope I experience that, too.?Sentence (19) however, does not show the emotion term apal (envy). However, the use of imbag pay dakayu (fortunately for you) already implies envy on the part of the speaker, mixed with happiness for the good tidy sum the person has achieved. The addition of the modal sentence Siak koma met (I hope I experience it, too) expresses the yearning of the speaker to experience the fortune without wishing something unpleasant for the other person. (20)Naayatanak a talaga idi adda nagited kaniak ti sabong. Uray saan ko nga boyfriend ngem inikkannak ti sabong for Valentine?s Day. Nag- bouquet. ?I was really touched(p) when a friend gave me flowers. Even though he?s not my boyfriend, he still gave me flowers for Valentine?s Day. It was sweet of him.?(21)Naragsanakpay idi naamuak nga agawid ni mamang ko for graduation. ?I was so happy when I knowledgeable that my mother was culmination billet for my graduation.?Most accounts of happy emotions, like (19) and (20) involved the use of the affixes na- and ?an. As explained in sentences (10) and (11), this affix puts the set off on experiencer as the receiver of the emotion and how pleasant it felt. 4.0 digest and ConclusionHow then does emotion talk figure in Ilokano? We have seen in chapters two and triple the ways by which Ilokano speakers express their rikna. The first is through somatization or the use of organs to describe emotions, and the second is through the use of emotion terms in clausal and discourse levels. In this method, we have confirmed that the expression depends on how a speaker wants to be understood. A speaker employs a certain type of affix, grammatical category and even clause for a certain type of meaning s/he wants to put in the emotion term. In this level, transitive and intransitive clauses pretend a crucial role. What, then, is rikna? Rikna is that part of nakem that deals with how Ilokanos react to emotional experiences, as defined by their culture. For them rikna is more than an internal self-directing phenomenon. It is part of a person?s kinatao. It is seated on his nakem, his concept of ethics and morality. It is in being one with this nakem that he improves his well-being. SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONSST=stative, ABS=absolutive, ABIL=abilitative, CAUS=causative, INTR=intransitive, Nom =nominative, DEM=demonstrative, OBL=oblique,REFERENCESAgcaoili, A. S. (2007). Nakem Conference?and How It Came to Be. Retrieved January 25,2008 from hypertext transfer communications protocol://philippinesonline.org/nakem/Nakem2007/what_is_nakem.htm. ____________ (2008). 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Retrieved February 20, 2008 fromhttp://allpsych.com/psychology101/emotion.htmlEmotion (Psychology). (2008). Retrieved February 20, 2008 fromhttp://encyclopedia.farlex.com/emotion+(psychology)APPENDIXA. appoint of Informants1.Grace Abalos, 20, Sudipen, La Union2.Victoria Bistoyong, 20, Suyo, Ilocos Sur3.Gaile Corpuz, 21, Bangar, La Union4.Marjoree Daez, 21, Bangar La Union5.Margaret Galang, 20, Suyo, Ilocos Sur6.Raisa Lubina, 21, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur7.Regina Makil, 20, Sudipen, La Union8.Florienor Nugao, 20, Tagudin , Ilocos Sur9.Ronald Oligario, 21, Tagudin, Ilocos Sur10.Argie Pelingen, 22, Bangar, La Union11.Ladyleine Pelingen, 21, Bangar, La Union12.Louie Sajonia, 20, Suyo, Ilocos Sur13.Mary Jane Sibolboro, 24, Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur14.Lorie Sibolboro, 20, Sta. Cruz, Ilocos Sur15.Kristine Sibolboro, 19, Sta. Cruz, Ilocos SurB. individual(prenominal) Accounts of EmotionsBUTENG (FEAR)(1)?nakangegak met ti putok ti paltogen. Ayna, simgarakpay. Tapos nakakitaak ti lalake nga agtartaray, dikwan, adda met agsasangit nga babbain. Ay kabutbuteng. ??I heard gunshots. Gosh, I even had goose bumps. then(prenominal) I saw a guy running, then, there were women crying. It was so frightening.?(2)?adda met immasideg kaniakon nga lalake. Adda intutokna idiay likod ko. Kunana nga itedko kano diay bagko. Ket mabutbutengakon, inted ko lattan ah. ?A man approached me. He pointed something at my back. He told me to give him his bag. I was already terrified, so I just gave it to him.?SURON (ANGER)(3)Addidiayak mall. Nakapilaak idiay cashier tapno agbayad. Adda ketdi babae nga summingiten. Insingit nan diay ginatangna. Sana ibaga nga saanak nga sumursurot ti system ti mall. Ay, makapasuron. Makarma la koma. ?I was at the mall, wait for the cashier to punch my purchase. Then a woman cut the line and inserted her purchase. Then she said that I wasn?t following the system of the mall. She infuriated me. Hope she gets bad karma.?(4)Ar-aramidek research paper ko idiay PC mi, pimmanawak bassit ta apanak uminom. Di agsubliak, nakapatay metten, ket haan ko pay nasave diay latest nga naitype ko. apan gayam ginuyod diay kaanakak ti saksakan na. Ay intero?t suron ko. Nasurunak nga talaga, nakiddel ko. ?I was doing my research on our computer, I left for a plot to drink water. When I returned, the computer was already shut down, I haven?t saved the latest that I typed. It turned out my nephew/niece remove the switch. I was so angry, I pinched him/her.?(5)Ay, diay taxi nga nagluganak tattay. Apannak ketdi inrikusen. Panagkuna ngata a ket haaak nga taga-ditoy. Ti gagon! Makapabwisit. ?The taxi I was in a while ago, the device driver just drove me around. peradventure he was thinking I wasn?t from here. The creep! I was so irritated. APAL (ENVY)(6)Napan diay classmate ko diay Batanes. Shet, makapaapal. ?My classmate went to Batanes. I feel so envious!?(7)Nakapinpintas ni margarine, awan pay makitak nga dakes kaniana. Makapaapal. Ania laketdi met ti biagen aya. ?Marge is so beautiful. I don?t even see a something in her. I feel so envious. What a life!?(8)Imbag pay dakayo, adda love life un. Siak ngay, NBSB latta aginggana tatta. Siak koma met. ?Fortunately for you, guys, you have love lives. Me? still a member of ?no boyfriend since birth? club until now. I hope I experience that, too.?LIDAY (SADNESS)(9)Makapaliday ti agmaymaysa nga agbibiag. Awan pay makasaom no saan nga cellphone wenno t.v. ?Living by yourself is depressing. You don?t even have someone to talk to aside from the cellphone or the television.?(10)Nakaru unay ti liday ko idi natay diay kasinsin ko. Idik la nga napanunot no kasatno kaababa ti biag. ?I felt so sad when my cousin died. It was just that time when I realized how absolutely life was.?AYAT (LOVE)(11)Naayatanak a talaga idi adda nagited kaniak ti sabong. Uray saan ko nga boyfriend ngem inikkannak ti sabong for Valentine?s Day. Nag-sweet. ?I was really touched when a friend gave me flowers. Even though he?s not my boyfriend, he still gave me flowers for Valentine?s Day. It was sweet of him.?RAGSAK (HAPPINESS)(12)Naragsanakpay idi naamuak nga agawid ni mamang ko for graduation. ?I was so happy when I learned that my mother was approach home for my graduation.?(13)Ay. Diay mess ko idiay eskwelaan, grabe! Naamoak nga wad nakmet gayam. ay, grabe, intero?t ragsak ko. ?My crush in school? gosh! I learned that he had a crush on me, too! I was so happy!?BAIN (SHAME)(14)Adda naminsan, pinakantadak idiay sango. Ket saanak ngamin nga sigurado idiay tono. Hanak met makahaan ta kababain. Nagkanta ak lattan ah. Dikwan, nagkyakak ketdin. Ay, nabainanak pay. ?There was one time when I was asked to sing in front. I wasn?t sure how the song went but I was guilty to say no. so I just sang, only to hail on a bad note later. I was so embarrassed.?SAKIT (PAIN)(15)Nasaktanak idi imbaga na kaniada nga awan kano intultulong ko diay residential district mi. Kasla la isuna am-amin ti nagaramid ket group effort met didiay. Siak pay nangisuro kaniana ti aramidenna tas inaramid na kaniak didiay. Nagsakit nga talaga ti nakem ko. ?I was hurt when he told them that I didn?t do anything during our biotic community immersion. As if he did everything! It was a group effort. I even taught him what to do, just so he could do that to me. I was so hurt.? If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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