Descriptive essay: Harry Potter Essay

The soft white carpet that stretches throughout the house stops, at the doorway of the room. The chocolate brown and polished, wooden floor takes the place of the carpet. The room is surrounded by earth tone colored walls giving it a feel of nature. On top of the walls are uniquely designed molding frames that present a stylish statement. Abundant natural light shines through wooden blinds of the window which is located on the left side of the room. The full sized bed is against the wall and has floral sheets, fluffy pillows, and pattern designs that complement the theme of the room. The desk next to the bed is cluttered with scraps of paper, workbooks, and erasers crumbs. Pencils, pens, and markers are neatly placed in a purple pencil box at the left corner of the desk. Two feet away from the desk stands a tall built in closet that is six feet away from the foot of the bed. Across the closet is the wall that has an entire section filled nearly dozens of collages of captured memories. There is a fleeting aroma of a collection of different fragrances purchased at Bath and Body Works. The perfumes and lotions are lined up on top of the bookshelf. The first row of the bookshelf has a music player and two picture frames of family and friends. The second row is stacks of school textbooks starting with Pre-Calculus to AP Psychology and ending with SAT workbooks. The last row has boxes filled with old photos, colorful paper, and an old, rusty pile of old school assignments. Next to the shelf is an old ladder that protrudes from the wall adjacent to the keyboard. Accessories like rings, necklaces, and bracelets are either hanged or placed carefully on the ladder. The black and gray keyboard stands next to the ladder and has an assortment of dusts lying on the surface of the white and black keys. The top pile of clothes touch the right side of the keyboard and the clothes, are stacked on the comfy white couch waiting to be washed. The white couch sits idly against the wall, and a taller white bookshelf is next to it. The first row of the bookshelf has different albums with genres like country, pop, and rock music standing up. The next three rows has books in an arrangement of books starting with childhood favorites, progressing to chapter books, and a collection of many different series of books like Harry Potter, all the way to The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. The final row consists of colorful and creatively designed scrapbooks and yearbooks. This tall shelf is also the shelf next to the door, and ends the exploration of the personalized bedroom.

Women and Equality: Current Reality or Distant Future?

Given that women now hold jobs which conventionally have not been associated with their gender, some may think that the plight to attain equality in terms of opportunities has succeeded. People sometimes accept such notion unconditionally as if gender bias has been eliminated. However, such thoughts would definitely be ideal examples of a form of fallacy: hasty generalization. In reality, such notions could not be any farther from the truth. In pursuits as simple as sports for example, women still suffer from the bias; highlighting women basketball players as evidence, their paychecks are only a meager fraction if compared to their male counterparts (Person, 2009). Furthermore, the opportunities of women in athletic pursuits are still crippled due to the presence of stereotypes. Profitability remains to be a question in forming women sports leagues or teams as businessmen still believe that men's sports would garner the most beneficial public response and attention (Person, 2009). With such examples, it is irrefutable that equality is still yet to be reached. If modern-day America still cannot be referred to as an example of a society where in men and women have equal opportunities, when would such a time come? When the time comes that headlines about women holding jobs as a minority would no longer be existent then equal opportunity among genders might have been achieved. Some may claim that such a scenario would never materialize as women are not inclined toward certain tasks. In rebuttal, is it not true that such inclinations or tendencies manifest only due to biases, stereotypes, and gender roles? It is quite interesting to think that equality may only be possibly attained if such concerns are first eliminated. Naturally, obstacles such as gender marking and administrative representation, all present in sports as well (Person, 2009), should be effectively tackled. Nonetheless, when gender distribution among jobs no longer become an issue or when a meager number of women holding high profile responsibilities no longer make headlines as aforesaid, then equality of opportunity must have been realized.

Charles Robert Darwins Accomplishments

Charles Robert Darwin, the biologist, the psychologists, philosophist, founder of evolutionism who put forward the doctrine of biological evolution, which destroys all kinds of idealistic theology and species invariance. The idea of a gradual and continuous change in all species of plants and animals was expressed by many scientists long before Darwin. But it was Darwin who put forward a completely new hypothesis regarding living nature, generalizing individual evolutionary ideas into one, the so-called theory of evolution, which was the most widely spread in the world.He published â€Å" The Origin of Species by Natural Selection† in 1859. It should be noted that despite the huge popularity among the reading public, the idea of a gradual appearance in the living nature of new species for the scientific community of the time turned out to be so unusual that it was not accepted immediately.Darwin suggested that in competition among animal populations, only those will survive th at have properties of benefits under given specific conditions, allowing producing offspring as well. His theory is based on three principles: a) heredity and variability; b) the struggle for existence; c) natural selection.Variability is an inalienable property of all living things. Despite the similarity of living organisms of the same species, two completely identical individuals cannot be found within the population. This variation of features and properties creates the advantage of some organisms over others. A certain variability, or adaptive modification, is the ability of individuals of one species to react in an identical way to changes in the environment. Such group changes are not inherited, so they can not supply material for evolution.The core principle of natural selection has the following implications: Organisms have a tendency to overproduce while living space and food are limited so that creatures must fight for survival. Variants exist in individuals within the same population, and individuals with favorable variations that adapt to the environment will survive and multiply offspring, while individuals without favorable variability will be eliminated. His natural selection principle is based on the prevailing fusion genetic hypothesis at that timeHowever The modern theory of evolution the synthetic theory of evolution (STE), based on the synthesis of Darwins theory of natural selection with Mendels genetics, proves that mutations are the cause of variability abrupt changes in the hereditary structure of the organism that occur randomly do not solve the problem either.The question arises after so many years of the discovery that whether the theory of evolution is the only logical explanation for the development of life?Evolution is the development of life. Recognition that evolution is taking place is the only logical explanation for the observed regularities of modern biological diversity, which i s also confirmed by the paleontological chronicle and embryological data. The theory of evolution is an explanation of the mechanisms of evolution, there can be many theories of evolution

Business Decision Making (Team Work) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business Decision Making (Team Work) - Essay Example Essentially, activities considered in team building include goal setting, development of interpersonal relations among the team members, role analysis to clarify each member’s roles and responsibilities (Robbins, 1993). In spite of the fact that members of a virtual team do not work in a face to face contact, it can be noted that team goals should be clearly defined so that each person is aware of the tasks he or she is expected to perform. There are several advantages that can be derived from teamwork when managing a project. The efforts of the team members are synergised so that they are directed towards the attainment of the desired goals and objectives. The combined effort of team members is likely to produce positive results compared to individual effort. Basically, team building attempts to use high interaction among group members in order to increase trust and openness (Robbins, 1993). This entails that communication is mainly used in the team building process. However, communication across cultures can be challenging in a virtual team. In a virtual team, effort should be made to ensure that people from different backgrounds share a common understanding towards something. Korac-Kakabadse, Kouzmin, Korac-Kakabadse, & Savery (2001, p.5) posit to the effect that the â€Å"major reasons for difficulties encountered in cross-cultural communication stem from the fact that actors from different cultures have different understandings regarding the interaction process and different styles of dialogue.† In a virtual team, efforts should be made to ensure that people from different cultures should interact by way of communication where they are in a position to share the established pattern of behaviour as well as meaning of the organizational context. Lin & Miller (2003) also suggest that when people conduct business across borders, they bring to the negotiation

Reader response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reader response - Essay Example The report stresses on the fact that bad writing does not only mean not being able to write, rather more importantly it means not being able to convert an idea into fine words. In another article by (Fried), the importance of good writing is further stresses in the business world especially, where bad writing means a direct and instant loss in productivity and customer dissatisfaction. In the article, bad writing is sarcastically described as â€Å"stale, soggy rice cakes†, which are devoid of taste and nutrition. In an order to increase the number of customers, business people have got to rely on using writing skills that are persuasive and creative. (MBA Jargon Watch) may be considered a beneficial source in an order to build up on the type of vocabulary which is needed in the business world to create an attractive and good piece of writing that would be able to woo the customers. Many words introduced by (MBA Jargon Watch) may seem new to the business world writers and they may be ignorant of them as well, due to which bad writing comes on all geared up to spoil a company’s future. All three articles stress on the ultimate importance of good writing in the business world and appreciate the usage of creative writing

Does My Generation Have a Role in America's Future Essay

Does My Generation Have a Role in America's Future - Essay Example I believe that my generation has a role to play in America’s future. My generation has a role to play in America’s future in the sense that it is a generation which continues to engage itself in new technology and innovations which make life easier for millions of Americans. We are a generation which continues to explore the latest technologies – technologies – which make tasks easier and more efficient to undertake (BBC News, 2). These technologies also make tasks faster and less energy consuming. Considering the fact that production lines often take up more of our natural resources on a daily basis, technological innovations which consume less energy and which accomplish tasks efficiently are important novelties in securing a sustainable future. We have a role to play in America’s future because we, more than any other generation, have a greater affinity to these technologies (BBC News, 2-3). We understand its usage more than our older counterpart s, and we are eager to embrace these technologies and their implications in our daily activities. Moreover, we are eager to learn more and explore more of these technologies and to consider where they can take us (BBC News, 2-4). These technological innovations also come in the form of digital technology. I have a role in America’s future because further developments in digital technology will be continuously introduced in our society (van’tHooft, p. 2). This digital technology will be easier for us to utilize because, from our earliest years in the academe, this technology will be used as medium of instruction. Digital technology will become a major part of our life and our primary means of conducting transactions, business, and other activities. The older generation would likely be having a more difficult time adjusting to the use of digital

Child Abuse and Neglect of Children with Disabilities Article

Child Abuse and Neglect of Children with Disabilities - Article Example Turner et. al. (2011) had a wide sample of over 4,000 participants thus making their findings reliable. They also gave possible explanations as to why certain ability types attracted certain forms of victimizations. It was laudable that they used a comprehensive definition of disability types and did not ignore other less-visible types of disability like anxiety and post traumatic disorder. One key problem with the research is that it relied on children’s or parent’s self-reported diagnosis of a disability (Babbie, 2007). It is likely that some individuals may be suffering from a disability and do not even know it. Additionally, participants with more than one disability could have confounded the outcomes. If a form of victimization caused a disability earlier on in the participant’s life, then a cycle of victimization may result, yet the researchers were not concerned with this past. Their findings were different from others because they can assist in understanding how child abuse arises among disabled children. This can cause stakeholders to work towards eliminating those risks (Finkelhon et. al., 2005). Also, because the research looked at the rate of victimization among disability types, it would be possible to determine which groups are highly at risk and work on protecting them. Hill et. al. (2011) sought to find out the prevalence of children with disabilities in the welfare system. They did so by collecting data from Minnesota’s welfare system and noting the quantity of individuals in this group. They also looked at the relationship between being identified as disabled and having a substantiated maltreatment or possessing certain demographic traits. The association between out-of-home placement and child disability in the welfare system is studied; the hypotheses were proved. This research is impressive because it considered an unlikely and often ignored category of children

Policy Change Proposal Introductory Paragraph Assignment

Policy Change Proposal Introductory Paragraph - Assignment Example According to Clark, Friedman & Fadus Children especially in schools need practical exercises to prevent obesity and high blood pressure. This will help reduce the problem of diabetes among children by almost a hundred percent since it is the main cause of diabetes among children. Moreover, school going children need to learn the importance of keeping together and working as one without the risks of ethnic groups in order to control the chances of children contracting diabetic due to ethnic lines. Therefore, the federal government and health stakeholders need to control and prevent the spread of diabetes among children by acting upon the above-mentioned ideas to realize reduce of diabetes among children and adults. Suicide is self-attempted murder that is prohibited at all cost. Stern actions are often taken to any individual or group found practicing it or assisting anyone in performing the act. Therefore, medics or any other health practitioners found assisting an individual by providing euthanasia, assisted suicide or mercy killing need arrest and face the full weight of the law as Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee make their view. The public policy and the federal government need to act and pass stern conditions to people found guilty of the offence or people who assist others in suicidal process because it is unlawful and violation to human rights based on the Congress of the united states of

Case study for The David Beckham Brand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case study for The David Beckham Brand - Essay Example Beckham, married to ex-member of the pop group Spice Girls’ Victoria Adams, became one of the most popular celebrity couples of the time. They were admired by a tremendously large number of fans and were considered as fashion icons for youth. Beckham’s most popular endorsements include Pepsi, Vodafone, Nike, Brylcreem and Marks and Spencer. According to (HUNTER, 2009, p34-36) the value of Beckham’s brand was estimated to be over 200 million pounds. Great hype in media was created when Beckham got shifted from Manchester United to Real Madrid in 2003. However, this transfer was basically because of his commercial appeal instead of his game skills. In the following document we will analyse the reasons for successful endorsements by Beckham, the values and the principles which were followed in the endorsements and which led to those tremendous successes. Besides, the advantages and the disadvantages will be discussed that companies obtain from these endorsements. The case of Real Madrid will be analysed deeply and discussed in a separate section followed by the concept of celebrity endorsements in general and the benefits that can be achieved by celebrity endorsements by a company. There are generally three reasons for a customer to buy an endorsed product or service which are: quality of the product of service, quantity and price of the product or service and thirdly because of the endorser. David Beckham was sought for a large number of product or service endorsements in the late 90s era and the beginning of 21st century. He was undoubtedly one of the most successful endorsers of that era and the reasons of his success were many. He was not only a stylish soccer player but his popularity was increased due to his marriage with a famous pop star Victoria of former music band Spice Girls. His good looks, pleasant personality and his outclass performance in soccer had made him a style icon for not only the youth but

The main problem of the study Essay Example for Free

The main problem of the study Essay This chapter presents the main problem of the study and some information surrounding the problem. It also includes the significance and scope and limitation of the study. Background of the Study Tobacco is one of the boosting industries in the world because of smokers. In the Philippines, cigarette is a major product which contributes much for the country’s economy. Smoker population worldwide has already reached 1.1 billion. Today, smokers are not just those who are aged 18 and above but also the high school students who start smoking at age 12. Almost all new smokers are children −3,000 teenagers start smoking every day. More than three million children under age 18 use tobacco products. Peer pressure, satisfaction, and curiosity are some factors that encourage a child to try smoking. It is hard to eliminate the use of cigarette in the world. Tobacco cigarette is being used since 1600s by Europeans. Read more:  Scope and Limitation Examples A cigarette is a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. It produces smoke that causes irritation to the nose of secondhand smokers. Nowadays, a new technology called Electric Cigarette also known as E-cigarette has been developed. It is an inhaler that vaporizes a liquid solution. It can be a replacement for tobacco cigarette for prevention of sickness. E-cigarette is also preferred by some teenagers because of its smell and different flavors. Most users of E-cigarette are those who have enough money because it is too expensive than the tobacco cigarette. However, long-time smokers still prefer the original tobacco cigarette. Even though cigarette is not highly recommended, it is still the number one drug in the Philippines. Statement of the Problem This research study will determine the facts about smoking focusing on the differences of tobacco cigarette to electric cigarette and its effects to  one’s body. Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is tobacco cigarette? electric cigarette? 2. What are the differences between the two in terms of: a. chemical contents b. effects to the body c. effects to secondhand smokers? d. effects to the environment? 3. How can the users or non users avoid smoking? 4. What are the possibilities that e-cigarette will be a total replacement for tobacco cigarette? Significance of the Study There has been a growing population of smokers from time to time. This study was created with the main objective of giving the researchers the difference between electric cigarette and tobacco cigarette. The results of the study would be a great help to smokers by having enough information on possible results of too much exposure to smoke and its effects to non-smokers.  For public health workers, result of the study would be useful because they can be a mode of disseminating pieces of information about smoking. In overall prospective, this study will contribute a greater understanding in relation to smoking. Scope and Delimitations This study is focused on determining the facts about smoking: e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette and its effect to one’s body. It is about the differences and some specific disadvantages. The researchers do not want to encourage nor to discourage the use of both products but would simply try to state the facts and let the readers decide for themselves.

The Purpose Of Punishment In The Justice System Criminology Essay

The Purpose Of Punishment In The Justice System Criminology Essay Case Study 2: The purpose of Punishment within the criminal justice system. What role does punishment serve within the criminal justice system? Consider the part played by reductivism, incapacitation, retribution, deterrence and rehabilitation as by-products of the perceived need for the criminal justice system to punish offenders. How have political policies and other ideologies affected the state emphasis on the need to punish offenders? In the following paragraphs it is going to be explained the role of punishment within the criminal justice system. Furthermore, we are going to get involved with theories and objectives related to punishment such as: reductivism, deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation and finally retribution. Beginning our case study we have to argue that there is considerable controversy over the effectiveness of punishment in reducing crime, but whether or not its actual effectiveness, still is the only method being used conforming someone who made a misdeed, back to society and freedom. Punishment can be simply defined as a legally approved method designed to facilitate the task of crime control (Carrabine, 2004), and its main purpose is to rehabilitate the offender, expiate the victim and dissuade others from becoming wrongdoers. In order to successfully create a holistic view on the matter, we have to focus on many punishment perspectives and theories as it is the only way for a critical evaluation. punishment as a social institution is an inherently complex business that needs to be approached from a range of theoretical perspectives as no single interpretation will grasp the diverse meanings generated by punishment (Carrabine, 2004). The reductive theory of punishment justifies that punishment occurs because it helps to prevent and reduce future consequences of crime, acting as a forward-looking theory for the general good. Moreover, claims that if punishment takes place, future crime will be less than if no penalty were inflicted. For punishment to reduce future crimes, the pain and unhappiness caused to the offender must be outweighed by the avoidance of unpleasantness to other people in the future (Cavadino, 2002). Therefore, it is a moral action against criminals (famously advanced by Jeremy Bentham 1748-1832) since it produces the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people. Nevertheless, there are many mechanisms of reduction which will be shown below. Deterrence based on utilitarian theories, is a method of reduction and its main perspective is that if you cause someones fear, then he will be afraid to offend and break the law (tough on crime). Moreover, separates deterrence into general and individual justifying that general is when punishment dissuades others from following the offenders example, in spite of individual deterrence which aims to teach delinquent not to repeat the behaviour. Deterrence lacks to produce strong and validate evident of its effectiveness as no certain penalty prevented someone from committing a given crime. What is more, referring to the individual deterrence, my opinion is that we cannot say whether or not an offender stopped his criminal behaviour, simply because not all crimes are being convicted. Also, according to official crime statistics, I believe, there is not such effectiveness as Michael Howards supported about prison/punishment and toughness on crime. Prison works. It ensures that we are protected from murderers, muggers and rapists- and it makes many who are tempted to commit crime think twice (Michael Howard, Home Secretary 1993). Rehabilitation is another mechanism of crime reduction which is going to be produced and evaluated on the following paragraphs. According to rehabilitation the idea of punishment is to apply treatment to the offender so that he is made capable afterwards to return back to the society as a law-abiding member. Rehabilitation is viewed as a humane alternative comparing to the harshness of retribution and deterrence giving more a programme function to the punishment, without that meaning that an offender would receive a more lenient penalty for his offence. An important feature of rehabilitation is that the offender could stay on probation whether that means outside prison or inside until he is thought to be ready. Critics though assume that if the prison administrator is the responsible one who decides if offender made a progress and he is ready to go, then corruption may occur which will falsify the true situation. Finally, another issue is that an offender guilty for minor crime proba bly could not tolerate lengthy detentions simple because of inability or refusal to adopt a subservient attitude toward prison officers and authority in general. Continuing our study we will refer to retributive theory which is in total antithesis of reductivism and justifies that punishment came as result of criminality. An attractive feature is that retributivism is a natural connection between the retributive approach and the idea that both offenders and victims have rights. Reductivist theory always founds it difficult to encompass the notion of rights, even when it comes to providing entirely innocent people with a right not to be punished. Retributivism has no such problem, since it follows automatically from the retributive principle that it must be wrong to punish non-offenders. Criminals, according to retributivist principle deserve the punishment because in some way, evil for evil somehow make a right. Additionally, according to retributivism, severity of a punishment should be proportionate to the gravity of the offence (tariff). What is more, retributive punishment, argues that applies fairly and equally to all of us as long as we all live in the same equilibrium followed by the same norms and values. The main issue with such a theory is that it would be objective only if we were all genuinely equal sharing the same advantages. Detected offenders typically start from a position of social disadvantage (Cavadino, 2002). From the moment retributive punishment tries to inflict equality restoring the balance, then increases inequality rather than do the opposite. The last theory refers to the act of making the offender not capable of committing a crime and is known as the incapacitation theory. According to that, offenders who have committed repeated crimes or thought to be dangerous are being punished by execution or lengthy incarceration (life imprisonment). Such a punishment though unfortunately makes it difficult to identify that kind of offenders. Thus, it is extremely controversial the principle of incapacitation especially to those who assist that punishment should advocate equal retribution followed by dignity. An important controversial example evaluating incapacitation is the chemical-castration of sex offenders (against children) with hormonal drugs which was first adopted in the U.S of California in 1996 and proved that drugs alone did not make the offender incapable of committing sex crimes. To conclude, I would like to say that I have not come to a conclusion yet on whether or not punishment actually helps and rehabilitates the delinquents. But I am sure that punishment so far is the function which separates those who live legally and those who do not. I also believe that the fear of punishment changes people behaviour a lot, as we all are afraid of punishment is that not true? Ultimately, I would like to finish with Sir Thomas Mores opinion which finds me totally agreed. Society first creates thieves, and then punishes them for stealing. There has always existed a curiously symbolic relationship between the criminal and society. It is not so much that society tolerates crime, rather the structure of modern society inevitably creates situations and circumstances in which crime occurs(Weisser, 1979).

The story of Summer Essay example -- Literary Analysis, David Updike

The story of Summer, by David Updike, is set during that idyllic time in life when responsibility is the last word on anyone's mind. And yet, as with all human affairs, responsibility is an ever-present and ever-necessary aspect to life. What happens when the protagonist, Homer, loses his awareness of a certain personal responsibility to maintain self-control? Homer's actions increasingly make him act foolishly, internally and externally. Also, how does Homer return to a sense of sanity and responsibility? To a degree, I would say that he does. At first, Homer's control over himself seems strong; he is only mildly aware of tempting situations. The reader begins to notice, however, that Homer's mind is still easily swayed by that most primitive of urges - sexual desire. The passage, "Homer looked up. Through the screen he watched Fred's sister Sandra as she came ambling down the path, stepping lightly between the stones in her bare feet," (293) is the first mild manifestation of Homer giving in to a loss of control to his sensual appetite. The next case of Homer's decreasing ability to control himself takes place on a tennis court. Throughout the game, the reader gets the impression that Homer was trying to get Sandra's attention through talented athletics, "On the tennis court she was strangely indifferent to his heroics." (293) Towards the end of the tennis match, Homer's eyes, once again, follow her as she is leaving, which leads him to double fault. This is the first time his decreasing self-control manifests itself in a somewhat harmful manner: namely, having hurt his score. Homer comes even closer to abandoning self-control during the night when he watches Sandra in bed. Homer's decreasing self-control is beginning t... ...e of sanity and self-control. Given the chance to show Sandra his affectionate lust, Homer withdrew his chance as one reads in the passage, "But to touch her, or kiss her, seemed suddenly incongruous, absurd, contrary to something he could not put his finger on." (296) Here Homer is becoming quite aware of the insanity which has driven his previous actions. Finally, Homer's inner turmoil is laid to rest and his sanity fully returns as his affection is returned. At the very end of the story, as Homer and Sandra are sitting on a couch together, her foot comes into contact with Homer's back. "But to Homer's surprise Sandra's foot remained, and he felt, in the faint sensation of exerted pressure, the passive emanation of its warmth, a distant signal of acquiescence." (296) Homer still had a desire for Sandra, but it would not consume him as it had in times before.

War Without Mercy by Dower Essay -- History World War II 2

War Without Mercy by Dower In â€Å"War Without Mercy†, Dower’s principle is a surprising one: Though Western allies were clearly headed for victory, pure racism fueled the persistence and increase of hostilities in the Pacific setting during the final year of World War II, a period that saw as many casualties as in the first five years of the conflict combined. Dower does not reach this disturbing conclusion lightly. He combed through loads of propaganda films, news articles, military documents, and cartoons. Though his case is strong, Dower reduces other factors, such as the prolonged negotiations between the West and the Japanese. During World War II, with the alliance of Germany and Italy made a propaganda campaign of obvious anti-white racism somewhat unreasonable. Furthermore, Japan's history of rapid and often passionate Westernization while opposing to colonialization by western powers largely prohibited such a propaganda approach. It is Dower's central idea that racial fear and hate were major factors that determined how both sides, Japanese and Anglo-American, perceived and dealt with the respective enemy, the "formulaic expression of Self and Other." Dower begins by examining the propaganda thrown out by both war machines (including a Frank Capra documentary, Know Your Enemy - Japan) and finds fundamental patterns of stereotyping. A few clichà ©s that were found in this film was that it originally portrayed the Japanese as ordinary humans victimized by their leaders. "In everyday words," he writes, the "first kind of stereotyping could be summed up in the statement: you are the opposite of what you say you are and the opposite of us, not peaceful but warlike, not good but bad...In the second form of stereotyping, the f... ...cking. It does a valuable service in exposing many of the prejudices of the time and especially in showing how those prejudices were at least partly responsible for the string of debacles endured by U.S. and other allied forces in the war's opening stages. It also does a very good job of giving the reader a glimpse of the kind of thinking that was prevalent in Japanese society prior to and during the war. In this sense it is an extremely important work and is highly recommended to anyone with a serious interest in the Pacific Theater. However, having said that, I will also say that the author overplays his hand and puts far too much emphasis on the role of racism, portraying it as the primary cause of the war and of the evils that transpired during its execution. As a result, it has a tendency to explain away a good many complex issues that deserve a fuller treatment.

Essay --

Pouya Ghasemlou Professor Lavelle Writing about Literature 102 2 February 2014 Themes and meanings Extreme pride is the core theme in both of the plays. For example, in Antigone, Creon decides not obey the god's wish and decline to give a proper funeral to Antigone’s brother. Since Creon is too fulfilled to accept his fault and also he wants to keep the appearance before the people he decides to execute Antigone. He is very self-satisfied when he established a new law that is the opposite of holy values because no one should establish any law that is equivalent to the God’s commandment. When Teiresias tells Creon of his fate, Creon refuses to believe this; thus Creon must suffer the loss of his family. Sexual category: the Role of Females The significance of Antigone’s action are deeply under the influence of her sexuality. In fact, Creon admits that one of the main reasons that motivates him to overthrow Antigone is simply due to the fact that she is a female. Even if someone considers the freedom of females with ancient standards he will realize that women in Greek was under a severe restrictions and limitations. Having this in mind, Antigone's disobedience was considered as a potential danger because it was aiming to change female’s character in the Greek society. Antigone chose to be active and this changes one of the vital laws of the Greek culture. Antigone is the Protagonist because at the very opening of the play she disagrees with her sister who is considered to be a ‘good girl’ based on the Greek conception of being good because she unquestionably obeys the laws of the society. In the opposing point, Antigone is an anarchists and refuses to be like her sister. So in a sense, Ismene is Antigone's foil due to the fact t... ...as, the messenger, and shepherd – after he stabs out his eyes he asks to be banished. Oedipus is continuously restless and is always out of his reach. By the end of the play his name has become a curse – he is ashamed of himself and his actions (shows he is a DYNAMIC CHARACTER) – this curse passes on to his children as shown when his two sons and daughters meet their fate. Antigone Based on the fact that she is well aware of her past. For Creon, she is more hazardous than Oedipus, Antigone is more dangerous than Oedipus, especially to Creon. Because of what she and her family has gone through she has a feeling that there is nothing else to lose. Due to the fate her family has experienced, Antigone feels she has nothing to be afraid of. She sheds light on the differences between God’s rule and social rule. She emphasizes that his rules cannot outweigh God’s wish.

Marketing Plan (Innisfree)

1. Background Innisfree is a natural brand that shares the benefits of nature from the pristine island of Jeju allowing for vibrant beauty and pursues an eco-friendly green life to preserve the balance of nature. Innisfree’s snail mask, which is our new product, is this marketing plan’s character. Snail Mask is very popular and its market growth is stable because snail mask is very useful to protect and repair the skin. Our target market is the middle class and the reaches of customers are both female and male.Also, age distribution is about 21 to 50 years old. Besides, the competition of the marketing is come from different countries such as Etude house, Nature republic in Korea, Shu uemura Shiseido in Japan and Lancà ´me, Estee lauder in America. Therefore, the competition of marketing is extremely competitive.2. The SWOT analysisStrength: 1) Our product’s formula is unique – unlike other brands.2) Use 3 years for research and development this snail mas k.3) The ingredients of our snail mask are in high quality.4) Our factory has many large-scale machines – we can have mass production.Weaknesses: 1) The selling price is high as the production cost is high.2) The package of our snail mask is not attractive.3) We cannot throw a lot of money and resources of this product as our company has many other skincare products.Opportunities: 1) Rising of South Korean fashion – Hong Kong people are affected by the Korean dramas, pop music and idols.2) Increase the confidence of buying Korean skincare products – good public reputation3) Men now pay attention on their images and start to protect their skin by using skincare products.4) Hong Kong women’s purchasing power on skincare products is high.Threats:1) The rising rate of currency rate (RMB) – the manufacturing cost become higher and higher as our factory is set in mainland.2) The weather condition of Hong Kong is not as dry as South Korea. People may not use our snail mask frequently.3) The trend of the medical beauty treatment is rising – the traditional masks are not attractive enough.3. Target of sales revenue& market share First of all, the snail mask is priced at $30 HK dollars each and anticipated to sell 300,000.Therefore; we expected to earn 1.5 million for sales revenue. It is because the snail mask is new product, we do not expect too much in sales revenue. Also, we expect that the snail mask have 5% in the market share.4. Describing the promoted product First, Moisturizing, skin whitening and renewing the skin cells are the 3 major factors that Hong Kong people mostly concerned. Our snail mask has 80% of Snail Secretion Filtrate. This ingredient can help to increase the elasticity of skin effectively and revitalize the damaged skin. Also, among all snail masks from other brands in the market, our product contains the highest concentration of Snail Secretion Filtrate. And we add almond oil and aloe vera in order to increase the moisture of the mask, add milk for skin whitening. Second, Hong Kong people like product in high quality and effective.Although our snail mask’s selling price is a bit higher than other brands, we can ensure that our ingredients are natural and come from France so that the quality is safe and good. Moreover, for the paper mask, it is specially formulated with 3D technology. It provides perfect wearability to the mask and allow the treatment essence quickly sink into the skin. Third, Hong Kong people are very prudent of choosing masks. Our company is a well-known Korean skincare company and has good reputation.And we also have branches in Hong Kong. In order to gain customers’ trust, they can retrieve their money if the product has any problems. Lastly, the needs of men maintaining their skin are rising. Therefore, our product’s unique formula can be fit both men’s and women’s skin. It is convenient and couples can maintain their skin t ogether by using our mask.5. The target customer in HK After our deliberations, we decided that the snail mask only launched in Hong Kong. One of the reason is Hong Kong is influenced by the South Korean fashion deeply, particularly cosmetic products. People in Hong Kong have a  requirement of high quality skin care product .They have confidence of the Korea brand and easy to build brand image and loyalty. Furthermore, no matter male or female, they maintain their skin by using skin care products. So we choose the target customer in Hong Kong as the product is relatively easy to enter the market and help company to earn profit. On the contrary, we do not choose the target customer in China. It is because we hope the snail can first try the temperature of a smaller market.6. Promotion toolsAdvertising Endorser Invite Korean popular idols – Kang Gary and Song ji hyo. They play as Monday couple of running man which is the popular TV program in Korea and Hong Kong. As our produ ct is suitable for both male and female, our promotion firstly focus on couples’ market of Hong Kong. Their couple’s images are suitable for promoting our product. We will ask them to come to Hong Kong to promote the snail mask.Mtr Station and Bus stopSet a poster at the light box of mtr station and bus stop. Transportation can easily contact with target market, because there are strong flows of people at each public transport confluence, The probability of contacting target customer will be increase.FacebookBecause facebook is the most popular social website in the world, the number of users accounted for 16% of the world, at Hong Kong it has 3.65 million users. We will establish the fans page on facebook, also the first 100 users who click like to our page can get a trial product of mask free. They can get it from our shop in Mong Kok . It can increase the chance of contacting target customer and free trial product can make users give us a feedback.TV advertisingIt i s the most effective idea of advertising, because TV is common in this 21st century, TV is in everywhere. Although using TV adverting is expensive, it can contact with target customer effectively. We will ask our advertising endorser to film an advertisment for our products. Also it must be high  frequency of showing at night, it can focus on the couples’ marketYoutube channelYoutube is the most popular video-share website in the world. Every video starts playing on youtube, you must watch a small advertisement first, but the time only have fifteen seconds. We can make a short advertisment and still including our advertising endorser.Others We will organise some street promotion in other to attract people who do not use Facebook regularly. And we will hire some models to distribute some trial product to the pedestrian who fit our target group.7. Budget for promotion The total budget is $700000 HKD.Advertising Endorser———$300000HKD (it has a discount alr eady, because we are the local company of Korea)Mtr Station and Bus stop————-$100000HKDFacebook———–$10000HKD (including the sample, the salaries of technology team)TV advertising—————$200000HKDYoutube———–$70000HKDFor others ———–$20000HKD (including having any accident)8. Action Plan 1. Find Korean Agents Company to discuss the contract of those two popular idols and arrange the schedule of their job.2. The place of trial product distribution will set up at downtown like Causeway Bay and Mong Kok, it attracts more customers.3. Contact with KMB and MTR, discuss the contract  and the placement of our poster.4. Contact with TVB and Youtube HK to discuss the showing time of our advertisement.

Who’s Responsible for a Student’s Education

Who is it that bears the responsibility for the student's education? Is it the student? The school? Or is it the government? This question cannot easily be answered by just one person. The answer could be based on that person†s opinion, and opinions vary from person to person. Some people will say it is solely the student's responsibility. Others might say it is the school's responsibility. While others might say it is the government's responsibility. Some people might say that it's the student's responsibility because the student has to show up to the class on time, be prepared, and pay attention. They could also say that it is the student's responsibility because the student has to be willing study and do the homework. The student has to be willing to learn, and try to learn as best they can. Students have to provide the supplies that they don't get from the school so that they are able to do the work. The student has to study and at least try to pass the courses they are taking so that they can further their education. The student has to provide their own means of transportation to the school if the schools do not, or cannot, provide it for them. The student has to pay attention to the curriculum being taught and attempt to absorb and learn it to the best of their ability, because if they don't they can't really learn anything. The student however can't be held responsible if the teacher isn't teaching the curriculum in a way the students can comprehend and learn it. This is why other people might say that it is more of the school's responsibility, because the teachers are responsible for teaching the curriculum correctly. The students can't be held responsible if the facilities are inadequate for learning or teaching. (The teachers are not at fault either if they don†t have proper classrooms or materials assigned to them. ) The students can't be responsible for all the supplies they need for learning that are supposed to be provided to them. The school is the one responsible for the teachers and the facilities. The school is responsible for keeping the facilities maintained and in adequate condition for teaching and learning. The school and the government are also responsible for making sure the teachers are qualified enough to teach the curriculum they are teaching. The school has to provide equipment for the teachers and for the students, so that the teachers can teach the curriculum properly (and so that the students can learn it properly as well). The school has to provide other supplies as well and insure that the students are getting a proper education. The school has to make sure that most of the students are learning what they are supposedly being taught, and they learn how to use it in the proper way. Schools also have to make sure that the students are in the proper curriculum according to their skill and learning level, so that they don't get far behind in their education. The school also has to use the funding they have in a proper way to help the students and the teachers and keep the buildings adequately kept to ensure the student's and the teacher's safety and to make sure that the facilities are comfortable enough that the teachers can teach the courses and that the students can learn the courses. The school, however, isn't responsible for receiving inadequate funding. The schools get some of their funding from the government. This is another reason why people might say that it isn't the schools† or the student's responsibility, and that it is the government's responsibility. After all, the government has to provide the school with proper funding so that the teachers are paid their salaries, and so that the facilities can be maintaine The school, however, isn't responsible for receiving inadequate funding. The schools get some of their funding from the government. This is another reason why people might say that it isn't the schools† or the student's responsibility, and that it is the government's responsibility. After all, the government has to provide the school with proper funding so that the teachers are paid their salaries, and so that the facilities can be maintainehools don't follow the guidelines set up by the government the government also has to make it so the school is reprimanded so that the school will start to follow the rules and guidelines. All these are very valid points showing how each of the three is responsible for the education of the students that attend the schools. All three have their own responsibilities to attend to, to give the student a good education. All of these opinions and reasons are valid as well, and they show that the student, the school, and the government are all responsible for the students† education. The student wouldn't be able to learn if the student didn't have adequate facilities to learn in or teachers that could teach the courses properly. Equally the schools couldn't teach the students without the funding they need to keep the buildings well kept and to pay for equipment and supplies to help the teachers teach and the students learn. The government couldn't help the student get a proper education if the schools didn't use their funding properly or didn't follow the proper rules, guidelines, and regulations that have been set up. The schools wouldn't be able to teach the student's if they weren't willing to learn or didn't have their own supplies they are supposed to provide. The student, the school, and the government all have to work together and be willing to help each other to give the student a good, proper education that they can use later in their lives after they stop attending schools and stop furthering their educations. Each has to work in conjunction with the next in order to do their job in the process. This essay has attempted to show how the student, the school, and the government are all responsible for the student's education. It has also tried to show that each of the three has their own part that has to be done in order for their goals to be met. They each have to help individually so that they all can used their combined efforts to give the student a good, proper, and usable education that can be applied to the rest of their life. It also shows how schools or governments alone wouldn't be able to give the education to the student without the help of the other. If the others didn't do their part the student wouldn't be able to get an education and wouldn't do as well later on in their life when they need their education to find a good job, to raise and take care of their family, and have a more secure financial future.

The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century Essay

Cultural Anthropology Introduction Are Quang dab peg and epilepsy the same thing?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the book, the two words are interpreted differently. They seem to mean the same thing as it can be seen through Lia, whereby the Staff of the Merced Hospital conclude that Lia is suffering from Epilepsy, which further translated to Quag dab peg. However, the Hmong culture interpreted this differently. They believed that Quang dab peg is brought by a bad spirit known as dab, which is accountable of stealing the souls of the victims, thus, making the victim suffer. On the other hand, they believed that epilepsy is a western medicine that is used for the treatment of neurological conditions. Though both Quag dab peg and epilepsy has similar symptoms, each culture interpret the symptoms differently. This makes the both of them to appear differently, making the condition of them be different illness that requires different treatment. Drawing from â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†, the Hmong culture holds that the Quag dab peg as a condition with honor whereby the thoughts of the victim has authority to perceive things that are not visible to other people (Fadiman, 20).Therefore, regardless of the perception of the two cultures, the symptoms of the disease that Lia is suffering from is a clear indication that they are the same, thus, the two words, Quagdabs peg and epilepsy represents the same thing. How doctors and TXIVneebs fix bodies and souls in the book â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drawing from the book, â€Å"The Spirit Catches You†, the doctors and the TXIVneebs were responsible for healing the patients. In both cultures, they used different approaches in line with their understanding about the illness. As such, the methods of the doctors caring for Lia is different from the method her parents would have taken. The doctor feels that, Lia conditions to treat her epilepsy is through writing her prescription and giving her dosages. Though the doctors did not understand how frequent to administer the drug, Lia’s parent also holds that it is not right to give their daughter too many tablets. Nevertheless, they opted for traditional Hmong medicine, including herbal and coin. Moreover, Lees also seek assistance of a Shaman, which is a type of alternative medicine famous among Asian-Americans. How the doctors perceived to treat the Lia’s condition was different from her parents’ perception. Wish ing to utilize Shamans goes with their believe about the symptoms of epilepsy. Shamans usually define their patients as missing intact souls and work to diagnose and treat the condition that cannot be treated by a physician (Fadiman, 28). Through this healing method, it is extremely distinct from the traditional forms of healthcare found in America. Lees prefer this method because of their cultural background, but despite the variation in the methods of healing, both the Lia’s and the Lees doctors conclude that they all want Lia to restore her health. Both the doctors are concerned about the end result of the disease as well as the well being of Lia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Hmong culture, the Quag dab peg it treated through shamanic rituals whereby the TXIV were responsible for carrying out the ritual. A TXIVneeb treated the patients on a metaphysical plane as in the case of Lia, whereby Lia’s rituals were usually carried to lure her soul back to her in order to restore her welfare. A TXIV placed a bowl containing sacred water in Lia’s room in the anticipation that her soul would come back. Moreover, they would sacrifice pigs in her parents house and place string on Lia’s wrist so as to keep the soul from escaping. Lia’s doctor could not understand the concept of soul loss in the way the TXIV need to understand to negotiate for Lia’s souls. This was one of the things that brought misunderstanding of both cultures. The cause of Lia illness was misinterpreted by both the doctors and her parents, the belief of Lia’s parents was that Lia was suffering from Quag dab peg while the doctors believed that Lia was suffering from epilepsy. As a result, Lia parents opt to take Lia to tivxneebs for traditional treatment. On the other hand, the doctors contend that Lia condition can only be controlled through antiepileptic medications, which they gave her. The contradictory paradigms of each member bring about misunderstanding of the disease. As a result, different methods for treating Lia are suggested for Lia welfare. For example, Lia’s parents failed to provide Lia with medications because they felt it would harm her, and decided to take Lia to TXIV when she grow up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, in both cases, the TXIV and doctor’s requirements were only the same in the fact that they both contacted the house through calls. The work of the doctor is to treat the physical symptoms. In this case, Lia’s epileptic symptoms were treated with different medication such as phenobarbital and Dilantin, whereby the dosages were directed though writing the prescription. Following the above case and given the problems that Lees had, do you think, as Fadiman asks that the â€Å"gulf† between these worlds is unbridgeable?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my opinion, we cannon holds that the world is unbridgeable. It is only a matter of examining the problems as they occur. Taking Lia case, the doctors held that she was suffering from epilepsy, while the society held that it was Quang dab peg. This was just at this time whereby the statement can hold. In the modern world the breakthrough has developed, which also continues to develop. When Fadina was phrasing the question, she was caught between two different cultures that holds different views. There was complete discord between the doctors and the Hmong(Fadiman, 259).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hospital staff saw as if Lia’s parent were not caring for her health, but the fact is that they cared and wanted to take her to a traditional doctor, which they had been using. Besides, her mother has been preparing salves for her every day. Therefore, it is clear that the world is bridgeable, though it depends on the people’s perception. It is a matter of time and knowledge in the usage of something, but there will always be a breakthrough in the world. Besides, it is clear that man cannot heal by science alone, there can be other form of mechanisms that can deliver treatment effectively through the cooperation between the doctor and the patient as seen through the tivxneebs doctors. People always seek for the best results to restore their life, regardless of the professionalism, but in the case for Lia, it is just because of the unbridgeable cultural gulf whereby the blame for what and who should have done the treatment should be attached ((Fadiman, 256). Some of the specific practical examples of people/groups that are trying to â€Å"bridge the gulf† in the life or the soul†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the relevant group that bridge the gulf in the life is the medical groups. Drawing from Fadiman claims that teaching medicine to students is a perfect job of separating students from their emotions, the various methods that are applied by medical doctors to prevent and treat illness provide the best treatment from traditional forms of treatment. The medical group spendstheir efforts and energy in research so as to provide solutions to problems that affect the society. In most cases, they come up with solutions concerning deadly disease that takes peoples life. For example, they have been able to develop measures for preventing HIV/AIDS, whereby a victim of HIV/AIDS can survive by just taking Antiretriviral drugs (ARVs). The medical groups have provided more attention since the Fadiman book was published because it incited doctors to concentrate on their profession ((Fadiman, 201).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering Lia last diagnoses, a health care professional who struggled for almost twelve hours to control her condition did not even noticed her sex. The physician was so dedicated to safe Lia’s life and it might be the reason that Lia survived. This shows clearly that the medical group bridge the gulf in order for the victim to survive. In most cases, the medical group does not sleep, they keep awake trying to provide services to the patients all the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lia was the first Hmong to have ever heard of being treated by different doctors with the aim of saving her life. Most nurses and doctors sacrificed their energy and time to help her get well, although after all she died. Lia’s condition established the turning point to bridge the gulf for the medical group. She was the catalyst for bridging the gulf in minds and hearts and institutions and policies that impact them, thus, contributing to one of the cultural shifts whose root becomes more obscure the more its impact is experienced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The traditional groups also provide their sacred services with the mere aim of bridging the gulf of life. Through Lia’s case, it is apparent that the TXIVneeb dedicated their effort trying to negotiate for Lia’s life. The TXIV also dedicated their time to cooperate with Lia in the negotiation process. Moreover, the TXIV conducts an effective session of psychological therapy for Lia. Therefore, the traditional groups are also concerned about the life or the soul of the victim and hadly struggle to restore the soul. References Fadiman, Anne. The spirit catches you and you fall down: a Hmong child, her American doctors, and the collision of two cultures. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997. Print. Barnard, A. (1998). Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology. London: Routledge. Haviland, W. (1996).Cultural anthropology (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College. Lewellen, T. (2002).The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. Barnard, A. (1998). Encyclopedia of social and cultural anthropology. London: Routledge. Haviland, W. (1996).Cultural anthropology (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College. Lewellen, T. (2002).The anthropology of globalization cultural anthropology enters the 21st century. Westport, Conn.: Bergin & Garvey. Source document

Music Appreciation Essay

1. What are figured bass and basso continuo? How are they related? Figured bass is a musical notation using numbers to indicate chords, intervals, and other aspects in relation to the bass note of the music and basso continuo is the harmony of the music itself. (this has nothing to do with the question; when I took AP music theory, figured bass was my favorite thing to do!) 2. What is ornamentation? Ornamentation is the use of non-necessary musical flourishes, such as trills and grace notes, to the basic melody or harmony. 3. What is an oratorio? How does it differ from an opera? Oratorios are basically just concerts, whereas operas are more theatrical. Oratorios have a different focus and don’t use scenery like operas. 4. What is an orchestra? How did the development of orchestras influence Baroque music? Orchestras are larger instrumental ensembles or groups that contain brass, string, percussion, and woodwind instruments. The development of orchestras brought along the development of new instruments, like the violin and cello & it also brought along the composition of orchestral music specifically. 5. What is an instrumental suite? A composition that consists of a succession of short pieces, forming into a large composition. Critical thinking questions: 1. What are the characteristics of Baroque music? How would you describe Baroque music? Baroque music is defined as â€Å"that in which the harmony is confused, charged with modulations and dissonances, the melody is harsh and little natural, the intonation difficult, and the movement constrained† (Jean-Jacques Rousseau). To me, baroque music is highly eccentric and decorative; extremely difficult and concise, yet beautiful all at the same time. 2. Choose one of the composers discussed in the unit and listen to several of the composer’s works. Which works did you listen to? How would you describe this composer’s music? Why do you think this composer was an influential figure in Baroque music? I chose to listen to one of my favorite composers of all time, Antonio Vivaldi. I listened to The Four Seasons (every season & every movement). I find his compositions astounding, able to tell stories without the use of words. Small things such as the incorporation of animals and sounds from nature truly paint a picture in the mind. In addition to this, the sudden change from a soothing violin soloist playing to a group of string instruments playing at once completely dramatizes the piece, making it more meaningful. Overall, I believe Vivaldi is an amazing composer, who was highly influential in the Baroque period due to his use of mostly stringed instruments, and he was highly innovative. His music was highly decorated and creative, and in most cases, very melodic and smooth. Vivaldi continues to be an influential composer to this day. 3. How did composers and musicians think about themselves during the Baroque period? How did this influence the music that they created? 4. What advantages and disadvantages did Baroque composers have in the patronage system? What did they gain from this practice? What limitations did it place on them? They were able to showcase their musical genius, yet they were limited to what they were able to play because of what the patron wanted to hear. They did gain a lot of fame and publicity through the patronage system despite the limitations that were placed on them. 5. Baroque music often tried to capture and reflect a particular emotion or feeling. Choose one of the musical works in the unit. Identify the work that you chose. What feeling or emotion is the composer trying to capture or reflect in the work? What aspects of the music lead you to this emotion or feeling?

Global Enterprise and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Enterprise and Innovation - Essay Example â€Å"Innovation has been the basis of the great performance of the Jack Daniel’s trademark, this was inclusive of the commencement and universal crush of Jack Daniel’s Tennessee Honey,† the company said. Even though the invention by and large is up to the authoritarian criteria for classification as a, straight bourbon the corporation disavows this categorization and markets it basically as Tennessee whiskey rather than as Tennessee bourbon. Packaged in distinguishing square bottles, a total of 11 million cases of the flagship "Black Label" product were sold in the corporation’s financial year ending April 30, 2013 Tennessee Honey has been seen to be incredibly popular in Brown-Forman’s next and subsequent major markets; this markets include Australia (contributing 13% of total sales) and the UK (9%), and similarly to Poland and South Africa. Brown-Forman said that Tennessee Honey, in connection with other innovations, lead to the rise of the company’s net sales by 25% in the financial year. In the meantime, the group’s portfolio of best and finest American whiskeys, are inclusive of: Woodford Reserve and Jack Daniel’s Gentleman Jack raised the sales by 20% for the duration of the year. Innovation from Jack Daniel’s portfolio played a crucial role increasing the sales by 12% expansion rate in Brown-Forman’s comprehensive voyage vend industry, motivated by the flourished Jack Daniel’s Sinatra Select. Brown-Forman viewed that the â€Å"outstanding† presentation of the Woodford Reserve product, which growth increased by 28% in course of the year, gives a bright insight of international expectations for the super-premium whiskey. The business attained concrete price hike, which assisted them expand the margin. Due to sustained international attention in North American, whiskey and constructive trends, the company remains watchfully confident that Brown-Forman’s strong and unprejudiced natural growth will carry

Airflow in Ducts Research Paper Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Airflow in Ducts Research Paper - Lab Report Example Experiment 2 There is a slight fall in pressure in the approach section and the static pressure is at a minimum about one pipe diameter before the orifice plate. The pressure of the fluid then rises near the face of the orifice. There is then a sudden fall of pressure as the fluid passes through the orifice, but the minimum pressure is not attained until the vena contracta is reached. Beyond the vena contracta, there is a rapid recovery in the static pressure. Owing to friction and dissipation of energy in turbulence, the maximum downstream pressure is always lesser than the upstream pressure. The pressure loss so caused depends upon the differential pressure and increases as the orifice ratio decreases for a given rate of flow. Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Lit erature review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Theory†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Methodology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Discussion of Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Introduction Experiment 1 The main intention of this experiment is to explore the relationship between fluids and the media through which they travel by exploring the events that occur in the movement of a fluid from one point to another and the characteristics of the fluid itself. These ma y include may include pressure, momentum, viscosity, turbulence, velocity of the fluid and friction. It also considers the impact of foreign bodies and flow equipment along the path of the fluid This experiment will allow students to learn the method of measuring air flow velocity using Pitot tube. The student will understand the working principle of Pitot tube as well as the importance of Bernoulli equation in deriving and calculating the velocity by exploring the developing boundary layer in the entry length of a pipe. Experiment 2 The main objective of this was to determine the vital discharge coefficient for an orifice plate meter installed within an air flow pipe and using the static pressure tapping’s provided, to investigate the pressure distribution along the pipe downstream of the orifice plate. Literature review Essentially fluid dynamics in physics is considered as a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics, and deals with the relations between velocities and acceleration s and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion. This field encompasses aerodynamics, (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion). Fluids are either liquids or gases A liquid is a state of matter in which the molecules are relatively but still are on average close enough together to interact continuously with nearest neighbors so as to maintain a relatively fixed volume. In contrast, a gas exists as a state of matte

Maritime Security Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Maritime Security Studies - Essay Example This paper shall be discussed based on expert opinions by theorists and practitioners in the international and political arena. This study is being carried out with the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive understanding of the subject matter, as it applies in the contemporary context. This study sets forth that marine terrorism in its most general context is not on the decline. However, the international community has consistently established better ways of dealing with marine terrorism. For which reason, marine terrorists have not been getting away with their activities as they have in the past. This has not stopped them however in perpetuating their terrorist activities. The Working Group of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific has set forth the most complete definition for marine terrorism. They set forth that marine terrorism is â€Å"the undertaking of terrorist acts and activities within the maritime environment, using or against vessels or fixed platforms at sea or port, or against any of their passengers or personnel, against coastal facilities or settlements, including tourist resorts, port areas and port towns or cities† (as cited by Marine Terrorism Research Center, 2011). In addition, it is also defined as the â€Å"use of threat or violence against a ship, its passengers or sailors, a port facility, or if the purpose of solely a platform for political ends† (Marine Terrorism Research Center, 2011). It is an act which is based on political ideals and goals. Various acts of maritime terrorism have been seen in different parts of the globe. Off the coast of Somalia, acts of piracy have increased the cost of transporting goods in the Gulf of Aden (Shortland and Vothknecht, 2011). A greater issue in the Gulf of Aden however is that of international security and regional stability as Somali piracy might be used to transport weapons or

Cellular Enviroment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cellular Enviroment - Assignment Example 16-17). According to McCance & Huether (2010), cellular swelling is the initial sign of cell injury; triggered by direct damage to the cell membrane, hypoxia, or damage to the electrolyte-pumping enzymes. The most common cause of cellular injury is hypoxia, which disrupts the cell’s capability of maintaining fluid homeostasis due to deficiency in oxygen. The main cellular mechanisms of cell injury include loss of calcium homeostasis, ATP depletion, oxidative stress, damage to mitochondria, and increases permeability of membranes. These adaptive mechanisms thus fail to maintain normal homeostasis, leading to a fall in oxidative phosphorylation. This triggers the depletion of cellular ATP and the swelling of mitochondria. What follows next is the failure of membrane calcium pumps, protein synthesis, NaK ATPase pump, and generation of reactive oxygen metabolites. This leads to an influx of Na+ and water, efflux of K+, entry of free calcium into the cytoplasm, and a drop in intracellular pH. This results to accumulation of water into the cell triggered by failure of membrane NaK ATPase pump, and cellular swelling due to swelling of endoplasmic reticulum (p. 54-92). Cellular swelling during the early stages is a reversible lesion, which is non-lethal; however, it becomes reversible if hypoxia persists for some time depending on the oxygen demands of the cell. An irreversible injury leads to cell death, mainly via apoptosis or necrosis. Aging is a gradual deterioration of a mature organism leading to irreversible structural changes as time passes by. According to Brashers (2006), cellular changes facets of aging include hypertrophy, and the weakened capability to undergo mitosis. Cellular function is impaired by the deposition of lipids (lipid peroxidation products), programmed changes in gene expression, damage from free radicals and advanced glycation end products. These

Suggest and discuss some possible solutions to the problem of adult Essay

Suggest and discuss some possible solutions to the problem of adult obesity - Essay Example The problem of obesity can only be curbed by the help of individuals and their concern for their health. In order to decrease the problem I would with my friends aware the obese individuals of their problem. This would make them conscious about their health and thus they would automatically follow the methods to avoid obesity as laid out by the government. Secondly I would give out charts of certain products which have the most calories in them. This would help the individuals to realize which products are healthy and which non healthy. Thirdly I with my friends would promote certain exercises amongst the obese individuals which would make them get rid of their problem. The exercises which I would promote would not be strenuous so the obese people are attracted towards them. Further after doing these exercises the obese people would be able to get rid of their problem

Thesis that dicusses immigrant life in the United States in the time Essay

Thesis that dicusses immigrant life in the United States in the time period spanning US History between the end of the Civil War - Essay Example Other misfortunes befall the family – including sexual abuse by a predatory employer, prostitution, imprisonment, embezzlement, exposure to criminal elements until Jurgis becomes a criminal himself, alcoholism, political opportunism. Jurgis finds himself from being a loving husband and father, to a grief-ravaged and embittered man, to an exploited worker, to an unfairly imprisoned convict, to a hardened criminal, to an alcoholic, to a union member, to a vagabond, and finally to a socialist who believes that if people heed the call of social...ism, â€Å"Chicago will be ours†. The most famous misfortune and the one oft-discussed is his experiences in the meatpacking plant, which was fraught with dangers and labor rights violations. The description of the meatpacking plant and its sorry conditions were very graphic and shed light on the plight of the workers whose rights were routinely and wantonly violated. There are two themes running within the text: the American dream and how it has failed scores of immigrants who come to the United States, and second, the evils of Capitalism. The failure or the hollowness of the American dream is apparent from the very start of the text, with the festive but overly-expensive wedding celebration being used as a metaphor to describe a dream that is ornate in appearance but is, upon closer look, empty and will only bring more problems in the future, such as debt. The Lithuanian family initially entered America brimming with hope and promise, believing that America will be their salvation from poverty. The series of unfortunate events and tragedies that befell them have proved this belief to be wrong. The other theme is the indictment of capitalism and it is apparent in the way that the author Sinclair describes how the workers are being abused and how their rights are

Defining Reason and Morality in Kant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Defining Reason and Morality in Kant - Essay Example Investigating the validity of this point then moves into reliance on both the morality which Kant sees as true as well as how other circumstances would change the decisions made by an individual. Kant’s Theory of Rational Morality The main principle which Kant has created is based on the ideology that each individual should be treated with equal respect. The ethical consideration is based on a sense of reason that each individual should have. Kant states that reason is what requires one to act in a humanitarian way, specifically which requires looking at circumstances instead of the end means in a given situation. The ideology is to use morality with the understanding that humanity is the most important aspect of practicing morals, whereas, the individual beliefs and life of an individual is not as important as the whole. More important, Kant’s belief sates that when one is able to create equal respect toward individuals, then there is the ability of building a formula which stops the disrespect and other forms of unethical values which are often created (Hill, 1980: p. 84). The idea of respect is one that is then further defined with the concept of morality, value and what the end result will be if these ideologies are withheld in any given situation. The theory behind this is based on altering the foundational principles for justice and humanitarian acts toward others in society. The concept which Kant creates is one which he leaves as a basis of being logical in terms of creating responses within the way in which an individual treats another. The requirement which Kant states is one based on three approaches which are linked to the logic of this discussion. The first is based on the preservation of rational will, which states that each individual should have the capacity to decide and rationalize how to treat another individual. The second principle is respect for human dignity and integrity. Even if there is a situation in which one is unable to justify the end result, the ability to keep integrity and dignity as a main association becomes more important. The third which Kant states is based on the end which eventually takes place. When applying reason to a given situation, it is known that each individual has the capacity to overcome the situation. If justice and forms of overcoming a specific situation remain intact, then the means eventually justify the ends with the right end decisions being made (Green, 2001: p. 247). From several perspectives, the ideologies of Kant are able to show logical solutions to given circumstances and environmental needs. For instance, in the ethics of business, there is the ability to apply this specific concept to change the circumstances of a situation. When a manager or leader is able to use reason and actions based on humanitarian ideologies then it helps to offer better advancement within the company. This attribute is often referred to as a form of transformational leadership. When the right and reasonable decision is made with the manager, than others will begin to transform and follow the same approach and perspective. This creates a sense of attraction to doing the right action in any given circumstance while building a sense of moral principles that are followed by others within a given environment

Position of women in 16 and 17 century Essay Example for Free

Position of women in 16 and 17 century Essay Women were challenged with expressing themselves in a patriarchal system that generally refused to grant merit to womens views. Cultural and political events during these centuries increased attention to womens issues such as education reform. Though modern feminism was non-existent. The social structure women limited opportunities for involvement; they served largely as managers of their households. Women were expected to focus on practical domestic pursuits and activities that encouraged the betterment of their families, and more particularly, their husbands. Education for women was not supported—harmful to the traditional female virtues of innocence and morality. Women who spoke out against the patriarchal system of gender roles, or any injustice, ran the risk of being exiled from their communities, or worse; vocal unmarried women in particular were the targets of witch-hunts. The seventeenth century women continued to play a significant, though not acknowledged, role in economic and political structures through their primarily domestic activities.They often acted as counselors in the home, tempering their husbands words and actions. Women were discouraged from directly expressing political views counter to their husbands or to broadly condemn established systems; nevertheless, many women were able to make public their private views through the veil of personal, religious writings. Marriage: The seventeenth century represents a fascinating period of English history, drawing the attention of whole generations of historians. This turbulent age saw three major events that had a deep impact on England’ s political as well as social life—the English Revolution, the Restoration of the Stuarts in 1660 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688. Amidst the turmoil of the events, people’s everyday lives unfolded. While it was men’s preoccupation to keep the country’s political and economic affairs going, women had an indispensable, though far less public, part to play. This paper aims at providing an outline of the seventeenth-century English marriage, viewed from the woman’s perspective. It touches upon topics such as concluding marriages, basic marriage values, duties of a married woman and possibilities of divorce. Attention is paid to the areas in which the  seventeenth-century reality was different from today’s. In seventeenth-century England, marriage and sexual morals played a far more important social role than nowadays. A family centred around a married couple represented the basic social, economic and political unit. In the Stuart period, a husband’s â€Å"rule† over his wife, children and servants was seen as an analogy to the king’s reign over his people—a manifestation of a hierarchy constituted by God. A woman was regarded as the ‘weaker vessel’ (a phrase taken from the New Testament)—a creature physically, intellectually, morally and even spiritually inferior to a man; therefore, the man had a right to dominate her (Fraser 1981: 1). In a society strongly influenced by Puritan values, sexual integrity and the status of a married person gave a woman respectability and social prestige. This, together with the fact that it was very difficult for women to find ways of making an independent living, meant that securing a husband was a matter of great importance. Theoretically, it was possible for two people to marry very young. The minimum legal age was 12 years for women and 14 years for men. In addition, it was possible for the couple to get engaged at the age of 7, with the right to break off the engagement on reaching the minimum age of consent (Stone 1965: 652). However, early marriages were rather rare—the average age of the newlyweds was about 25 years. Interestingly, the basic requirement for a legally valid marriage was not a formal consecration in a church, but the completion of a marriage contract, commonly called ‘spousals’. Spousals were an act in which the bride and groom said their vows in the present tense—‘per verba de prasenti’ (Ingram 1987: 126). In a majority of cases, this procedure was accompanied by a church ceremony (banns). Yet if the marriage was concluded without witnesses and not consecrated in a church, it had the same legal validity. This practice had existed in England since the twelfth century and lasted till 1753. Not having to go through a church ceremony made it possible for lovers to marry secretly, without the knowledge of their parents. In this way, they could escape the dynastic scheming of their families.

Sports textile Essay Example for Free

Sports textile Essay Sports textile is one of the branches of technical textiles. Now a day’s sophisticated technology are used in technical textile to produce sports wear. Hi-tech textiles in sport are 1 S. NO TOPIC PAGE NO 1 Introduction 2 2 Objective 3 3 Properties/Function required for sports wear 3 3. 1. Desirable attributes of functional sports and leisure wear 5 3. 2. Properties of sports textiles 6 4 Textile material and fabric structure for sports wear 7 4. 1. Development of fibers 7 4. 2. High-performance fibers 8 4. 3. Special fibers used 10 4. 4. Types of fabrics 11 4. 5. Layered fabrics 13 5 Market size for sports wear 14. 5. 1. The key impediments to the growth of sporttech product 15 6 Application/Uses of sportswear 16 7 Conclusion 16 8 Bibliography 17 nothing new. In twenty first century, clothing is an important issue for general consumer, active athletes and for those who practice sports just for fitness in their leisure time. The sports fabrics are generally ultra-breathable and have high heat and moisture management properties, light weight, fast drying properties and feature elasticity properties. These fabrics also have superior strength and durability. The latest sports textile materials are much more function for fulfilling  specific needs in different sports activities. The sports such are i. Winter sports ii. Summer sports iii. Outdoor games iv. Indoor games v. Football vi. Cricket vii. Climbing viii. Cycling ix. Flying and sailing sports x. Athletics xi. Other sports The people are paying more attention to sports activity and that the market for sportswear continues to expand. So the consumers seem to be prepared to spend considerable amounts of money on sportswear and other functional fabrics, which have made the market attractive to many producers. In sports, previously a traditionalapparel textilewas used. For that theplayer hasto face so many problems such as: i. Sweating – which stick the fabric with body ii. Feeling hot during run iii. Improper stretch ability iv. Extra weight of the fabric v. Give protection to body skin during fall on the ground vi. Inadequate fabric for fluid resistance for swimmer vii. Windproof, waterproof fabric for sailor 2 viii. Light weight shoe with proper strength air circulation ix. High tenacity resistance to abrasion for the skiwear uniform x. Improper gripping of the shoes during run etc. Therefore,technologyhastodevelopfortheaboveshortcomings. Andforthattheresearch activity took place; and the country who were in the foremost are: Japan, Sweden, Spain and United State. To bridge the gap and promote the partnership and collaboration between the stakeholders government-end users. 3. PROPERTIES/FUNCTIONS REQUIRED FOR SPORTSWEAR Many different aspects have to be considered when designing clothing for a particular sport. 1. The protection/safety functions to protect wearers from adverse weather (wind, rain and snow, etc). 2. The comfort function which gives wear comfort (thermo-physiological comfort, skin sensorial comfort, body movement comfort) to wearers, 3. The exercise function to assist positively improvement of athletic records and attainment of one’s target, 4. Aesthetic appeal and high fashion ability. In order to meet such requirements, waterproof/moisture permeable fabrics, perspiration absorbing/ fast drying fabrics, warmth retentive fabrics, stretchable fabrics, etc. have been developed. From sensitivity or aesthetics point of view softness, surface texture, handle, luster, colour comfort are important factors. 3 5. For active sportswear requires super lightweight, low fluid resistance, super high tenacity stretchablility. For those who are seeking comfort healthy pursuits critical features include thermal regulation, UV resistance, sweat absorption fast drying, vapour permeability. 6. Moisture management is one of the key performance criteria in todays apparel industry. It is defined as the ability of a garment to transport moisture away from the skin to the garments outer surface. This action prevents perspiration from remaining next to the skin. In hot conditions, trapped moisture may heat up and lead to fatigue or diminished performance. In cold conditions, trapped moisture will drop in temperature and cause chilling and hypothermia. Excess moisture may also cause the garment to become heavy, as well as cause damage to the skin from chafing. Table no. 1 Function of sports textiles. S. No Function Description 1. Heat transport performances The sport fabrics require to maintain body temperature during various sports activities. The heat transport properties of fabric make possible to feel the sportsman cooler in summer and warmer in winter. The fibrous material, bulk entrapped air within the fabric affects the heat transport properties of the sportswear. 2 Moisture transport performance By changing the cross sections of the fiber and by using special chemicals; fabrics are made which have high moisture transport properties. Such fabric keeps the body dry by keeping moisture away from body surface in vapor and/or liquid form. 3 Anti-static performances Sportswear fabrics have a very high electrical conductivity, so they can dissipate electrical charge. 4 4 Antimicrobial performances Keeping a normal level of bacteria on the skin offers a high level of comfort and personal hygiene, especially during athletic activities. 5 Ultraviolet protection Sports fabrics can remove UV-A and UV-B rays that are dangerous to the skin, and guarantees an improved level of defense compared to the majority general natural and man-made fibres. 3. 1. Desirable attributes of functional sports and leisurewear: a. Optimum heat and moisture regulation. b. Rapid moisture absorption and conveyance capacity. c. Good air and water permeability d. Prevention of a long term feeling of dampness. e. Low water absorption of the layer of clothing facing the skin. f. Quick drying fabric to prevent catching cold. g. Pleasant to skin, soft, non-abrasive and non-chafing. h. Dimensionally stable even when wet. i. Durable j. Lightweight k. Soft and pleasant touch l. Easy care m. Smart and functional design Table no: 2 Required functions on the main sportswear S. No. Sportswear Required Function 1. Shirts for tennis,volleyball, golf, football, rugby, base ball uniform, tracksuits etc. Sweat absorption, fast drying, cooling. 2. Skiwear, wind breakers, rain wear Vapor permeability, water proofing 3. Skiwear, wind breakers, tracksuits Sunlight absorbing and thermal retention 5 4. Swimming race and skating costume, ski jump and downhill skiing suits, cycling costumes Low fluid resistance (for water and air) 5. Swimwear, leotards, skating costume. Stretch ability, opacity 6. Skiwear, snowboard wear, football and base ball uniform High tenacity, heat melt resistance to abrasion 3. 2. Properties of sports textiles: Sports textile must have comport ability, easy to wear, easy handling. Sports textiles fabrics have a very high electrical conductivity, so they can permit the effectual dissipation of electrical charge. It should be light as best as possible. Fabric filaments are made highly effecting in moisture management thus they can wick the moisture as known as sweat away from the body keeps body dry. Sports textile should have good perspiration fastness.As this sports fabric has a special property well known as heat conductivity make possible to feel the user cooler in summer warmer in winter. Garments manufactured from sports textiles fabrics, keeps the normal stability of body comfort, because these fabrics are ultra-breathable, fast drying and possess outstanding moisture managing properties, which rapidly wick moisture away from the body. These garments are also very less in weight feature elasticity properties, which provides immense comfort and independence of movement.Keeping a normal level of bacteria on the skin offers a high level of comfort and personal hygiene, especially during athletic activities. Sports textiles fabrics remove UVA and UVB rays that are dangerous to the skin, and guarantees an improved level of defense compared to the majority general natural and man-made fibers. It also provides superior strength and durability. The athletics the leisure activities for their better performance in the sports. 4. TEXTILE MATERIAL AND FABRIC STRUCTURE FOR SPORTSWEAR: 6 It is not possible to achieve all required properties for sportswear in a simple structure of any single fiber. The right type of fiber should be in the right place. The behavior of the fabric is mainly depending on its base fibers properties. The most important properties are: fiber type;weave construction; weight or thickness of the material and presence of chemical treatments. 4. 1. Development of fibers: The evolution of fiber developments has gone through the phases of conventional fibers, highly functional fibers and high-performance fibers. Polyester is the single most common fiber used for sportswear and active wear. Other fibers suitable for active wear are polyamide, polypropylene, acrylics and elastanes. Wool and cotton fibers are still finding applications in leisurewear. Synthetic fibers can either be modified during manufacture, e. g. by producing  hollow fibers and fibers with irregular cross-section, or be optimally blended with natural fibers to improve their thermo-physiological and sensory properties. Synthetic fibers with improved UV resistance and having anti-microbial properties are also commercially available for use in sportswear. Improved fiber spinning techniques in melt spinning, wet spinning, dry spinning as well as new techniques such as gel spinning, bi-component spinning and microfiber spinning, have all made it possible to produce fibers, yarns and fabrics with unique performance characteristics suitable for use in sportswear and sports goods. New technologies for producing microfibers have also contributed towards production of high-tech sportswear. By using the conjugate spinning technique, many different types of sophisticated fibers with various functions have been commercially produced which has resulted in fabrics having improved mechanical, physical, chemical and biological functions. The technique of producing sheath/core melt spun conjugate fibers has been commercially exploited for producing added-value fibers. Unitika produced the first heat-degenerating conjugate fiber with a core containing zirconium carbide (ZrC). S0ince ZrC absorbs sunlight (visible and near-infrared radiations) and emits far-infrared radiation, one feels warmer when one puts on a jacket made from such fibers. Other types of heat-generating fibers contain ceramic micro-particles. 4. 2. High-performance fibers: Today, a wide range of high-performance fibers is commercially available for technical and industrial applications. These types of fibers are used in sports protective wear/equipment 7 developed for impact protection and in textile reinforcement in sports products for different applications. Among the speciality fibers already established are the following. Aramidfibers: Figure no: 1 aramid fibers Figure no: 2 Gloves made from aramid  ± p-aramid fiber will provide high strength and ballistics.  ± m-aramid fiber will provide flame and heat resistance. Ultra-high tenacity polyethylene fibers (UHMWPE): Gel spun, ultra high molecular polyethylene fibers with extremely high specific strength and modulus, high chemical resistance and high abrasion resistance. Polyphenylene sulphide fibers (PPS): Crystalline thermoplastic fiber with mechanical properties similar to regular polyester fiber. Excellent heat and chemical resistance. 8 Polyetheretherketone fibers (PEEK): Crystalline thermoplastic fiber with high resistance to heat and to a wide range of chemicals. Novoloid (cured phenol-aldehyde) fibers: High flame resistance, non-melting with high resistance to acid, solvents, steam, chemicals and fuels. Good moisture regain and soft hand. PBO (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) fibers: The strength and modulus of this fiber exceed those of any known fibers. Table no: 3 Characteristics of High-performance fibers High-performance fibers Characteristics Glass fiber High resistance. Aramid Mechanical strength and high resistance to flame and heat. High tenacity polyethylene High mechanical strength, chemical  and abrasion resistance. Polyphenylene sulfide Excellent chemical and heat resistance. PBO(polybenzoxazole) High mechanical strength. . 4. 3. Special fibers used: †¢Hygra20 †¢Killat N23 Killat N from Kanebo Ltd is a nylon hollow filament. The hollow portion is about 33 per cent of the cross section of each filament due to which it gives good water absorbency and warmth retentive property. The manufacturing technology of Killat N is 9 very interesting. The yarn is spun as bicomponent filament yarn with soluble polyester copolymer as the core portion and nylon as the skin portion. Then by giving alkali weight  loss treatment the soluble polyester copolymer of the bicomponent filament will dissolve and a large hollow portion (exceeding 30 per cent of the cross section) will be created as shown is Figure 5. †¢Dacron 4-Channel Polyester a generic term for a high-performance four-channel fiber engineered to move moisture and speed the evaporation of perspiration. It is a superior fabric for wicking action, drying time, moisture absorption and transport. A high-performance, four-channel fiber engineered to move moisture and speed the evaporation of perspiration. It is a superior fabric, for wicking action, drying time,moisture absorption and transport. Lycra25 Figure no:3 Swimwear made by lycra Lycra, a truly synthetic fiber of long chain polymer composed of at least 85% segmented polyurethane, finds wide range of end uses such as swimwear, active sportswear, floor gymnastics because of its comfort and fit2O. Adding Lycra to a fabric gives it stretch and recovery, particularly in gymnastics and swimwear where body skin flexing and stretching are inevitable. Lycra T-9026 requires still effort for the same extensibility. Roica and Leofeel 10 Roica is a polyether type spandex made by dry spinning method and Leofeel is asoft nylon-66 yarn developed by Asahi Chemical. The combination of Roica and Leofeel in mixed knitted tricot fabric gives a soft touch and excellent stretch. It is mainly used in swim wear . 4. 4. Types of fabrics: A wide range of woven, knitted and nonwoven fabrics are commercially available for sportswear and normal wear. These fabrics differ in their structure such as entrapped air, pore shape and size, bulk and surface properties etc. which may affect the heat and moisture transmission characteristics of the fabrics. For sportswear, knitted fabrics are preferred as these fabrics have greater elasticity  and stretchability compared to woven fabrics, which provide unrestricted freedom of movement and transmission of body vapour to the next textile layer in the clothing system. With new combinations of fabrics and yarns, and with developments in fabric construction, knitted fabric appears to be the ideal base for active sportswear. Knitted garments are mainly worn next to the skin and therefore deserve particular attention.Entrant Dermizax EV is a lightweight fabric having a feather smooth texture with excellent waterproof/moisture permeability and durable water repellency such as 20,000 mm of water pressure resistance and moisture permeability of 30,000 g/m2/24 hrs. It is an excellent and original active sportswear fabric with globally top class water proof/moisture permeability, as well as excellently durable water repellency. Its action of waterproofing moisture permeability. fig no:4 Entrant Dermizax EV fiber †¢Entrant HB is a new generation fabric with hybrid structure that synergistically integrates the advantages offered by a coating (well-balanced moisture permeability) and lamination (high waterproofness). It has high resistance to water pressure and high 11 durability against repeated washings (80 points or higher after 20 wash cycles). Its main application is outdoor wear. Toray has developed H2OFF made up of polyester microfibre fabric with a unique high-density weave structure comprising millions of microcrimped fiber loops. It also feature superb and durable water repellency, superior breathability and wind-chill resistance and attractiveness with soft hand. †¢Naiva30: Unitika has developed Naiva fabric by combining the Naiva yarn with a nylon microfibre. Naiva is an Eval/nylon bicomponent filament yarn and Eval is nothing but a copolymer resin of ethylenevinylalcohol. Naiva yarn composition is 55% Eval (23% ethylene + 32% vinyl alcohol) and 45% nylon. In the Naiva fabrics there are many nylon micro loops on the surface, which are formed by making use of high thermal shrinkage property of Naiva yarn. Naiva fabric not only has good moisture permeability but also has some other positive features like lightweight, softness and has capability of secondary finishing. The fabric is very successfully used in mountaineering wear and other active sportswear. fig no:5 structure of Naiva 30. Field Sensor21: Field Sensor is a very popular high-performance fabric from Toray,  which employs a multilayer structure that not only absorbs perspiration quickly but also transports it up to the outer layer of fabric very rapidly using principle of capillary action. It is composed of coarser denier yarn on the inside surface (in direct contact with skin), and fine denier hydrophobic polyester yarn in a mesh construction on the outer surface to accelerate quick evaporation of sweat. COOLMAX: DuPont CoolMax is a high-performance fabric that can help the athletic performance of the people who wear it. CoolMax ® moves sweat away from the body to 12 the outer layer of the fabric, where it dries faster than any other fabric. In moisture management tests, garments made with CoolMax dried almost completely in 30 minutes. Cotton, by comparison, remained wet by nearly 50%. Better evaporation means you spend less energy to cool your body, which increases your performance and endurance. CoolMax fabrics are specially designed to provide not only superior moisture management, but also to enhance the wearers comfort. All of the benefits of CoolMax fabrics are permanently built right into the fiber, requiring no chemical treatments. 4. 5. Layered fabrics: Layered fabrics became common for active sportswear. The performance of layered fabric in thermophysiological regulation is better than single layer textile structure. Each layer has distinct function; the layer next to the skin is to wick away the perspiration rapidly to the outer layer, which absorbs and dissipates it rapidly to the atmosphere by evaporation. In doing so, it takes away some of the body heat and keeps the body cool. On the inside, a synthetic material with good moisture transfer properties, e. g. polyester, nylon, acrylic or polypropylene is used whereas on the outside, a material which is good absorber of moisture, e. g.cotton, wool, viscose rayon or their blends can be placed. The conductive inner layer transfers the liquid perspiration rapidly to the absorbent outer layer chiefly as a result of the capillary effect. The absorbent outside of the textile material functions as a buffer zone for excess perspiration. In another way of constructing a physiologically functional fabric is three-layer structure. The use of superfine or microfibre yarn enables production of dense fabrics leading to more effective capillary action, with better thermo-physiological regulation. 13 14 Cellulosic or other Hydrophilic Fibres. Fig no:6 Two layered fabric structure for active wear 15 16 Cellulosic or Hydrophilic fibres Polyester micro fibres Polyester or other wicking fiber Fig no:7 Three layered fabric structure for active wear 5. MARKET SIZE FOR SPORTS TEXTILES: The technical textiles usage in the Sportech segment is valued at Rs 2,632 crore in 2007-08. The sports footwear components account for around 85% of the total segment value followed by technical textiles usage in sports composites with around 11%share. The sports footwear components are valued at Rs 2,250 crore and are expected to grow at around 11% y- o-y over the next 5 years. The technical textiles usage in sports composites is valued at Rs 293 crore. Sport composites include inflatable balls (footballs, volleyball, basketballs, etc), cricket protective equipments and boxing equipments. Around 30% of the sports composites are exported. Artificial turfs are valued at Rs 26 crore and account for about 1% of the segment only. The artificial turfs are not manufactured in India and the demand is met through imports.The usage of technical textiles in parachute fabrics, sleeping bags and hot air balloon fabricsisestimatedasRs18. 4crorein2007-08whichisexpectedtoincreasetoRs28crore by 2012-13. The consumption of sail cloth in India is negligible. †¢Sports nets, high performance swimwear and tents account for the remaining technical textiles consumption in Sportech with market size of Rs 5 crore, Rs 0. 84 crore and Rs 39 crore respectively in 2007-08. India exports around 40% of its sports nets production and around 25% of its tents production. The usage of technical textiles in sports nets and tents is expected to increase to Rs 30 crore and Rs 49. 8 crore respectively by 2012-13. Overall, the usage of technical textiles in the Sportech segment is expected to increase 17 fromRs2,632crorein2007-08toaroundRs4,358croreby2012-13,growingata CAGRof just below 11%. Sportech segment of technical textiles is estimated to provide employment to 88,000 peopleofwhomnumberoftechnicalemployeesisestimatedat70,000andnumberof non-technical employees is estimated at 18,000.The sports footwear industry is expected to grow by at least 8 percent per annum and accordingly, the demand potential for sports shoes and the attendant requirement of fabrics would be as below Table no: 4 Market Potential for fabric requirement for sports wear Year Sports Shoes Requirement of fabric (million meters) Million Pairs Value(Rs. Crore) 2001-02 570 5100(1020). 105 2003-04 595 5950(1200) 120 2007-08 804 8040(1600) 140 Note: Figures in brackets indicate approximate value of technical textile shoe component 5. 1. The key impediments to the growth of Sporttech products:- Inadequate domestic demand The raw materials and machinery for products like Ballooning fabric and Artificial turfs is not available in India which render these products expensive as compared to other manufacturing countries Demand for products like parachute fabrics, tents, etc is driven primarily by the  defense sector onlySportech products are typically labour intensive, availability of skilled labour is a major impediment to growth Licenses and clearances required for products like Ballooning fabric are a major impediment as well. This interactive workshop on Sports Textile focuses on building bridges between the Users and Manufactures. It will provide thought leadership and strategic vision to the technical textile industry in general and Sports textile in particular. 6. APPLICATIONS/USES OF SPORTSWEAR: Sports textile has versatile use. Some uses of Sports Textile are given below: 18 i. Sports composites ii. Artificial turf iii. Ballooning fabrics iv. Parachute fabrics v. Sail cloth vi. Sports nets vii. Sports footwear viii. Tents for sports ix. Swimming costume x. Sleeping bags xi. Sports equipment xii. Cycling xiii. Golf xiv. Tennis xv. Mountaineering, xvi. Skiing, xvii. Cricket, etc. 7. CONCLUSIONS Modern peoples are paying more attention to sports activity. The use of sports fabric is increasing day by day in various sports and leisure activities. The consumers seem to be prepared to spend considerable amounts of money on sportswear and other functional fabrics. During designing the sportswear fabrics, the aspects which are considered: protection/safety functions to protect wearers from adverse weather, comfort functions which gives wear comfort (thermal, sensorial and body movement comfort), exercise function to enhance performance of athlete, and aesthetic appeal and high fashion ability. The required functions of sportswear fabrics differ in different situations such as type of sports, environmental conditions and level of activity etc. Sportswear developed by using special type of polymer, type of fibrous material, modifying the fiber/yarn/fabric structure, lamination,  finishing technology and manufacturing technology etc. The introduction of high functionality and comfort in the sportswear fabrics provide unlimited scope for sportswear fabrics. 19 8. BIBILIOGRAPHY: ?Development Active Sportswear Fabrics and Synthetic Fibre Producers, JTN, Dec. ,1983, ?Sports Textile/Sporttech | Properties of Sports Textile | Application/Uses of Sports Textile, http://textilelearner. blogspot. in/2012/03/sports-textilesporttech-properties-of. html Assessed on 24. 12. 2012 ?International Journal of IT, Engineering and Applied Sciences Research (IJIEASR) ISSN: 2319-4413 Volume 2, No.1, January 2013 ?i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www. irjcjournals. org ?Active Sportswear Fabrics ? Dr. Devanand Uttam, Assistant Professor, Punjab Technical University, Giani Zail Singh Campus, Bathinda, India ?FICCI Presents interactive workshop on sports textiles by Ministry of textiles. ?COOLMAX ® Performance Fabrics, 11495_CoolMaxSS_v3 2/25/04. ?Textiles in sports† by R. Shishoo ?An emergence of sport-tech in technical textile industry by M. Nithiyakumar,G. Thamotharam ?www. indiantextile journal. com ?www. fibre2fashion. com ?www. texmin. com ?www. design-technology. org/sportsshoes1. htm .